• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.127-127
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• 2010

최근 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs: 발광다이오드) 디바이스의 고휘도, 저전력, 긴 수명, 다양한 색연출 가능, 친환경 소자 등의 장점으로 LED 디바이스가 flat panel display(FPD)의 back light unit (BLU) 를 비롯해 실내 외 조명과 자동차 전조등 분야 이외에도 의료, 인테리어 사업을 비롯한 각종 전자 통신 기기의 정보 처리 기기의 표시소자 등, 여러 제품 군에 적용되는 가운데 큰 관심을 받고 있다. 하지만 이러한 여러 가지 장점에도 불구하고 LED 모듈에서의 junction temperature가 높은 방열 특성이 나쁘다는 단점은 아직 해결되지 않고 있는 실정이다. LED 소자 모듈에서의 junction temperature가 높을 경우 소비되는 에너지가 많을 뿐만 아니라 LED 소자의 발광효율이 떨어지고 수명이 급격히 저하 되어, 결국에는 신뢰성 특성이 현저히 저하 되는 결과가 초래되기 때문이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 LED 디바이스의 열저항을 낮추기 위해 고방열 세라믹 기판을 이용해 LED 디바이스의 방열 특성을 향상시킨 결과를 제시한다. 고방열 세라믹 기판을 제작하여 LED 칩을 실장시킨 다음 LED 열저항 특성을 측정하였다. 이때 고방열 세라믹 기판은 Al2O3와 AlN이 사용되었으며 제작한 세라믹 기판의 강도, 표면 roughness, 미세구조 등을 살펴보고 이 기판들의 열전도도를 측정하였다. 제작 공정방법에 따라 세라믹 기판의 미세구조를 비롯한 기계적, 열적 특성이 현저히 변하였으며 이때 LED 칩을 실장 하여 측정한 열저항 특성 값도 함께 변하였다. Al2O3의 열저항 값은 3.003 K/W 으로 측정 되었으며, AlN의 열저항 값은 3.003k/W 으로 측정되었다.

• Medical Lasers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.96-105
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• 2021

Background and Objectives Skin aging is reportedly associated with regulation in collagen and elastin synthesis. This study investigated the potential of combining light-emitting diode (LED) treatments using a 630-nm and 850-nm LED with simultaneous microcurrent application. Materials and Methods The dorsal skin of female pigs was treated with a home-use device. We examined the treatment effects using photography, thermocamera, microscopic pathology, and histological examination to determine the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of the procedure. A histological observation was performed using hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, Victoria blue, and immunohistochemical staining. We also used the Sircol soluble collagen and elastin assay kit to measure the amounts of collagen and elastin in the porcine back skin tissue after 2 and 6 weeks. Results Evaluation by visual inspection and devices showed no skin damage or heat-induced injury at the treatment site. Histological staining revealed that accurate treatment of the targeted dermis layer effectively enhanced collagen and elastin deposition. Collagen type I, a protein defined by immunohistochemical staining, was overexpressed in the early stages of weeks 2 and 6. Combined therapy findings showed the superior capability of the 630-nm and 850-nm LED procedures to induce collagen; in contrast, elastin induction was more pronounced after microcurrent treatments. Conclusion The home-use LED device, comprising a combination of 630-nm and 850-nm LEDs and microcurrent, is safe and can be used as an adjunctive treatment for self-administered facial rejuvenation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.11-11
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• 2008

ZnO has a very large exciton binding energy (60 meV) as well as thermal and chemical stability, which are expected to allow efficient excitonic emission, even at room temperature. ZnO based electronic devices have attracted increasing interest as the backplanes for applications in the next-generation displays, such as active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs) and active-matrix organic light emitting diodes (AMOLEDs), and in solid state lighting systems as a substitution for GaN based light emitting diodes (LEDs). Most of these electronic devices employ the electrical behavior of n-type semiconducting active oxides due to the difficulty in obtaining a p-type film with long-term stability and high performance. p-type ZnO films can be produced by substituting group V elements (N, P, and As) for the O sites or group I elements (Li, Na, and K) for Zn sites. However, the achievement of p-type ZnO is a difficult task due to self-compensation induced from intrinsic donor defects, such as O vacancies (Vo) and Zn interstitials ($Zn_i$), or an unintentional extrinsic donor such as H. Phosphorus (P) doped ZnO thin films were grown on c-sapphire substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering with various Ar/ $O_2$ gas ratios. Control of the electrical types in the P-doped ZnO films was achieved by varying the gas ratio with out post-annealing. The P-doped ZnO films grown at a Ar/ $O_2$ ratio of 3/1 showed p-type conductivity with a hole concentration and hole mobility of $10^{-17}cm^{-3}$ and $2.5cm^2/V{\cdot}s$, respectively. X-ray diffraction showed that the ZnO (0002) peak shifted to lower angle due to the positioning of $p^{3-}$ ions with a smaller ionic radius in the $O^{2-}$ sites. This indicates that a p-type mechanism was due to the substitutional Po. The low-temperature photoluminescence of the p-type ZnO films showed p-type related neutral acceptor-bound exciton emission. The p-ZnO/n-Si heterojunction LEO showed typical rectification behavior, which confirmed the p-type characteristics of the ZnO films in the as-deposited status, despite the deep-level related electroluminescence emission.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.253-257
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different light emitting diode (LED) irradiation on the growth of paprika (Capsicum annuum 'Cupra'). The plants were irradiated by red (660 nm), blue (460 nm) and red + blue (4 : 1) light emitting diodes above 50 cm for 5 hours after sunset. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) irradiated by red, blue and red + blue LED were $79{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, $75{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and $102{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ respectively. Leaf temperature of paprika grown under blue LED irradiation was the highest of $18.6^{\circ}C$. Fruit temperature was the highest under in the control (no irradiation) but it was lower than leaf temperature. There was influence of LED irradiation on the paprika plants height; under blue irradiation the plant height was the shortest, while under in the control plant height was the highest. The leaf size of under different LED irradiation was bigger than that of in the control. Mean fruit weight under different LED irradiation was significantly increased; however number of fruits and marketable yield per plant were significantly decreased as compared to the control.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.68-78
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• 2021

A subminiature catadioptric omnidirectional optical system (SCOOS) with 2 mirrors, 6 plastic aspherical lenses, and an illumination system of 6 light emitting diodes, to observe the 360° panoramic image of the inner intestine, is optically designed and evaluated for a capsule endoscope. The total length, overall length, half field of view (HFOV), and F-number of the SCOOS are 14.3 mm, 8.93 mm, 51°~120°, and 3.5, respectively. The optical system has a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensor with 0.1 megapixels, and an illumination system of 6 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with 0.25 lm to illuminate on the 360° side view of the intestine along the optical axis. As a result, the spatial frequency at the modulation transfer function (MTF) of 0.3, the depth of focus, and the cumulative probability of tolerance at the Nyquist frequency of 44 lp/mm and MTF of 0.3 of the optimized optical system are obtained as 130 lp/mm, -0.097 mm to +0.076 mm, and 90.5%, respectively. Additionally, the simulated illuminance of the LED illumination system at the inner surface of the intestine within HFOV, at a distance of 15.0 mm from the optical axis, is from a minimum of 315 lx to a maximum of 725 lx, which is a sufficient illumination and visibility.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.577-582
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• 2017

The white light of a hybrid LED is obtained by using red and green organic fluorescent layers made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) films, which function as color down-conversion layers of blue light-emitting diodes. In this research, we studied the fluorescence properties of a red organic fluorophore, employing perylene bisimide derivatives applicable to hybrid LEDs. The solubility, thermal stability, and luminous efficiency are important characteristics of organic fluorophores for use in hybrid LEDs. The perylene fluorescent compounds (1A and 1B) were prepared by the reaction of 4-bromophenol and 4-iodophenol with N,N'-bis(4-bromo-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1, 6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl diimide (1) in the presence of dimethyl formaldehyde (DMF) at $70^{\circ}C$. The synthesized derivatives were characterized by using $^1H-NMR$, FT-IR, UV/Vis absorption and PL spectra, and TGA analysis. Compounds 1A and 1B showed absorption and emission at 570 nm and 604 nm in the UV/Vis spectrum. We also documented favorable solubility and thermal stability characteristics of the perylene fluorophores in our work. Perylene fluorophore 1, with the 4-bromophenol substituent 1A, exhibited particularly good thermal stability and solubility in organic solvents.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.752-758
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• 2011

In this paper, we perform a research on a message delivery link based on visible light communication using illumination light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for car-to-car communications and the link transmission success probability is analyzed for the link. The message delivery system is modeled and the signal-to-noise ratio is calculated from the received optical power. Then, the link transmission probability is estimated from the calculated bit error rates (BERs). The message delivery system has optical links from an LED transmitter near the rear lamp of a car ahead to a receiver near the headlamp of a car behind, whose positions are assumed to follow the normal Gaussian distribution. The link transmission success probability is calculated considering the physical characteristics of the optical link. The car positions are generated according to the normal distribution and the bit error rates are calculated for all links. The link transmission success probability is defined. For the unoptimized optical car-to-car message delivery links, it is shown that the link transmission success probability is larger than 0.9 with the transmitted optical power of 400 mW and the semi-angle at half power of 30 degree.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.270-278
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Horticultural plant growth under field and/or greenhouse conditions is affected by the climate changes (e.g., temperature, humidity, and rainfall). Therefore investigation of hydroponics on field horticultural crops is necessary for year-round production of the plants regardless of external environment changes under plant factory system with artificial light sources. METHODS AND RESULTS: Common sage (Salvia plebeia), nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), and hooker chive (Allium hookeri) plants were hydroponically culturing in the plant factory with blue-red-white LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes) and fluorescent lights (FLs). Leaf numbers of common sage under mixture LED and FL treatments were 134% and 98% greater, respectively than those in the greenhouse condition. In hooker chives, unfolded leaf numbers were 35% greater under the artificial lights and leaf elongation was inhibited by the conventional sunlight compared to the artificial light treatments. Absorption pattern of NO₃-N composition in hydroponic solution was not affected by the different light qualities. CONCLUSION(S): Plant factory system with different light qualities could be applied for fresh-leaf production of common sage, nasturtium, and hooker chive plants culturing under field and/or greenhouse. Controlled light qualities in the system resulted in significantly higher hydroponic growth of the plants comparing to conventional greenhouse condition in present.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1957-1968
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• 2019

Tetraselmis is a green algal genus, some of whose species are important in aquaculture as well as biotechnology. In algal culture, fluorescent lamps, traditional light source for culturing algae, are now being replaced by a cost-effective light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this study, we investigated the effect of LED light of different wavelengths (white, red, yellow, and blue) on the growth of Tetraselmis suecica and its associated microbial community structures using the next-generation sequencing (NGS). The fastest growth rate of T. suecica was shown in the red light, whereas the slowest was in yellow. The highest OTUs (3426) were identified on day 0, whereas the lowest ones (308) were found on day 15 under red light. The top 100 OTUs associated with day 0 and day 5 cultures of T. suecica under the red and yellow LED were compared. Only 26 OTUs were commonly identified among four samples. The highest numbers of unique OTUs were identified at day 0, indicating the high degree of initial microbial diversity of the T. suecica inoculum. The red light-unique OTUs occupied 34.98%, whereas the yellow-specific OTUs accounted for only 2.2%. This result suggested a higher degree of interaction in T. suecica culture under the red light, where stronger photosynthesis occurs. Apparently, the microbial community associated with T. suecica related to the oxygen produced by algal photosynthesis. This result may expand our knowledge about the algae-bacteria consortia, which would be useful for various biotechnological applications including wastewater treatment, bioremediation, and sustainable aquaculture.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.967-974
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• 2018

In this study, we evaluated the photocatalytic oxidation efficiency of aromatic volatile hydrocarbons by using $WO_3$-doped $TiO_2$ nanotubes (WTNTs) under visible-light irradiation. One-dimensional WTNTs were synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method and impregnation. XRD analysis revealed successful incorporation of $WO_3$ into $TiO_2$ nanotube (TNT) structures. UV-Vis spectra exhibited that the synthesized WTNT samples can be activated under visible light irradiation. FE-SEM and TEM images showed the one-dimensional structure of the prepared TNTs and WTNTs. The photocatalytic oxidation efficiencies of toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene were higher using WTNT samples than undoped TNT. These results were explained based on the charge separation ability, adsorption capability, and light absorption of the sample photocatalysts. Among the different light sources, light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) are more highly energy-efficient than 8-W daylight used for the photocatalytic oxidation of toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene, though the photocatalytic oxidation efficiency is higher for 8-W daylight.