• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 1995

This study is aimed to understand the effects of temperature, light and GA soaking treatment on the seed germination of perennial ryegrass 'Dandy', creeping hentgrass 'Penlinks', tall fescue 'Arid' and Kentucky hluegrass 'Nasaw'. These experiments are carried in vitro, and their results obtained are summarized as the followings ; The optimum temperature for seed germination of perennial ryegrass 'Dandy' was found to he ranged at 20~30$^{\circ}C$, and the optimum temperature for germination of creeping bentgrass 'Penlinks', tall fescue 'Arid' and kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw' seeds was found to be ranged at 20~25$^{\circ}C$, whereas the germination percentage under the below or above temperature of this range decreased. The germination of perennial ryegrass 'Dandy' and tall fescue 'Arid' seeds showed no effect on light, and while the germination percentage of creeping hentgrass 'Penlinks' increased more highly under the dark condition than under the light condition. The germination percentage decreased according to the higher temperature. The germination of Kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw' seeds increased more highly under the dark condition than under the light condition at 20~25$^{\circ}C$, whereas the germination percentage under the dark condition at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$ decreased. In case of GA soaking treatment of seeds, all the cool season turfgrasses tested showed their own promoting effects on seed germination. The early germination of tall fescue 'Arid' was good without the soaking times. Creeping bentgrass 'Penlinks' and perennial ryegrass 'Dandy' had re-spectively the highest germination percentage at 10min and 1hr soaking treatment, and the longer the soaking time, the lesser the germination percentage. Kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw' obtained the best results at 24has soaking treatment, and the longer the soaking time, the better the ger-mination percentage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.190-197
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• 2019

This study investigated the luring effect of the sardine bait, which is used to catch octopus with pot, as the preliminary study for the development of alternative bait for octopus pot. The soaking time for bait was divided into "5 days or less" and "11 days or longer" The number of times octopus entered the pot with bait and the empty pot was investigated under dark adaptation and light adaptation processes and the distribution of tank section was investigated under light adaptation process. The case of "11 days or longer" sardine soaking time showed higher rate of distribution in the section of pot with bait compared to the case of "5 days or less" In the case of "5 days or less" soaking time, the number of times the octopus entered the pot with bait was similar to that it entered the pot without it even during dark adaptation and light adaptation. However, in the case of "11 days or longer", the octopus entered the pot with bait more quickly than the pot without bait and more frequently during dark adaptation hours. There were cases where the octopus did not enter any pot. In the case of "5 days or less", with less decomposition of baits, the octopus entered the empty pot more during light adaptation process, and it appeared that the pot was used as a hideout.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.42-45
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• 2018

Photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices based on hybrid metal halide perovskites ($MAPbX_3$; $MA=CH_3NH_3{^+}$, $X=Cl^-$, $Br^-$, or $I^-$) are rapidly improving in power conversion efficiency. Also, during recent years, perovskite single crystals have emerged as promising materials for high-efficiency photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices because of their low defect density. Here we show that the light soaking effect of mixed halide perovskite ($MAPbBr_{3-x}I_x$) single crystals can be explained using photoluminescence, time-resolved photoluminescence, and Raman scattering measurements. Unlike Br-based single crystal, Br/I mixed single crystal show a strong light soaking effect under laser irradiation condition that was related to the existence of multiple phases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.712-721
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to investigate the endophytic bacterium Herbaspirillum spp effect on seed germination and sprout growth of tartary buckwheat. Inoculant concentration (%v/v) and seed soaking time were applied 10, 20 and 40% and 0, 4, 8, 12 hour, respectively. The experiment was carried out in a growth chamber maintained temperature at 20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$ without light for 7 days. Results showed that, 10 to 20% (v/v) inoculant concentration by 4 to 8 h seed soaking time at $20^{\circ}C$ temperature increased seed vigor rate and total seed germination rate 80-95% and 90-100%, respectively. On the other and, seed inoculation with Herbaspirillum spp. increased hypocotyl length (13-15 cm), root length (8-11 cm), total fresh weight (135-296 g) and total dry weight (7-10 g), compared to control. It is indicated that sprouts growth and yield depends on inoculation concentrations, seed soaking time and temperature. Therefore, it would be suggested that seed inoculation with Herbaspirillum spp. at concentration of 10 to 20% (v/v), soaking time 4 to 8 h and temperature $20^{\circ}C$ promote seed germinations and sprout growth rate of tartary buckwheat.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 1997

The bonding strength evaluation of light weight materials for electrical vehicle applications has been performed through single lap joint tests in which the design parameters such as fillet, joint style, adherend, bonding overlap length,bonding thickness, and environmental condition(soaking time in $25^{\circ}C$ water) are considered. It is experimentally oberved that lap shear strength of joint increases for higher fillet height, longer overlap length, and thinner bonding layer thickness. Al-Al adherend combination shows much higher lap shear strength than AL-FRP and FRP-FRP adherend combinations. Riveting at adhesive bonded joint of AL-AL adherend combination makes lap shear strength decrease. Effect of soaking time on lap shear strength is negligible.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 2011

Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate whether certain repeated physical and/or chemical stimuli added on ophthalmic lenses might induce any changes of the functions of lens coatings. Methods: The changes in lens surface, light transmittance, foggy duration, durability of ophthalmic lenses were determined after the application of tearing-off with tape, rubbing with acetone, soaking in acetone or distilled water of ophthalmic lens (CR-39 material) as physical and/or chemical stimuli. Results: The change of ophthalmic lens surface was detected after soaking in acetone for longer than 30 minutes by observing the lens surface to figure out the functional change of hard coating. The ophthalmic lens soaked in distilled water for 180 minutes showed little functional change of anti-reflection coating as 1% by measuring light transmittance of lens. However, the function of anti-reflection coating was almost disappeared after the ophthalmic lens was soaked in acetone for 60 minutes. The foggy duration of ophthalmic lens soaked in acetone was increased by estimating foggy duration of lens. The lens coating was shown to be defected when the pre-damaged ophthalmic lenses were torn off with tape, rubbed with acetone and soaked in distilled water or acetone by observing pre-damaged lens surface to evaluate its durability. Conclusions: The careful management during ophthalmic lens dispensing or usual eyeglass wearing is needed since the change in ophthalmic lens coatings was shown by repeated physical and/or chemical stimuli.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.339-346
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• 2016

This study was carried out to develop an effective seed propagation method for Thalictrum rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum (H. Lev.) Nakai by analyzing seed dormancy types and germination characteristics. Seeds were collected between September to October at Gangwon province, and well-selected seeds were used while being dry-stored at 4±1℃. The seed size ranged 4.52 × 1.58 ㎜ and the weight of thousand seeds were 1,603.5 ± 0.02 ㎎. The moisture content was 7.2%. Seeds were achene type, and morphology characters showed an elliptical shape and rough texture, and light brown in color. Moist-chilling treatment was conducted for dormancy breaking because the seeds had an undeveloped embryo of liner type. The embryo had developed during a moist-chilling period, constantly, and fully developed in 10 weeks. Consequently, it seemed to be non-deep complex or intermediate complex type of morphophysiological dormancy, and embryo dormancy was broken by wet-chilling for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks of wet-chilling treatment, seed germination began. Germination percentage was higher in dark condition raher than light condition and recorded the maximum at 25℃ in the dark (16.3%). A pre-soaking treatment with a combined plant growth hormones promoted germination and shortened T₅₀. Specifically, seed germination of 84.5% was achieved by pre-soaking of seeds with a combined solution of 500 ㎎/L GA₃ and 10 ㎎/L kinetin for 24 h after a wet-chilling treatment for 10 weeks. Thus the effect of plant growth hormones coupled with chilling temperature on seed breaking dormancy provide asubsequent growth of seedlings for successful plantation.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.155-158
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• 2016

Long-term stability of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) module is critical for the commercialization. We investigated the effect of sealing technology on the long-term stability of the $10cm{\times}11cm$ sized DSSC modules. We applied the concept of secondary sealing to the module and then performed several stability tests such as humidity cycle, 1 sun light soaking and outdoor stability tests. The enhanced stability was confirmed for the DSSC module employing optimized sealing materials and architectures.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 1996

This study was conducted to know the effect of storage period, harvesting time and light condition on dormancy breaking of major weeds. Echinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus serotinus, Aeschynomene indica, Ludwigia prostrata and Bidens tripartita had the 10 or 30% germination ability within 30 days after harvest but scirpus juncoides, Potamogeton distinctus, Aneilema japonica and Monochoria vaginalis had not germination untill 120 days after harvest of seed. C. serotinus and P. hydropiper required strong light for germination but S. juncoides, L. prostrata and B. tripartita showed the less tham 5% germination in the dark condition gerntinator. S. juncoides germination showed negative response in chemical soaking but A. japonica, B. tripartita and L. prostrata showed high germination percentage in Acetone, Chloroform and distilled water soaking during the 10 days after treatment.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 2009

Recently sawdust cultivation of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes ) is getting increased because log cultivation is getting difficult to get oak logs. It is important to make mycelia browning on the substrate surface in sawdust cultivation. This browned surface plays an important role like as artificial bark of the oak log, which protects the other pests and suppresses water evaporation in the substrate. The period for mycelia browning is so long that the sawdust cultivation of Shiitake mushroom can not spread well into the mushroom farms. In this article we would like to discuss about the effect of environmental condition to the mycelial browning during sawdust bag cultivation for the To reduce the period required for browning of substrates, sawdust substrates was illuminated light with difference intensity. One hundred Lux light illumination was needed for producing normal yield of fruit body but fruit body yield was low and abnormally shaped fruit body was produced when cultured under the dark condition of incubation. Illumination over 200lux is necessary for the successful browning of substrates during incubation. Optimum incubation temperature for browning of substrates and fruiting was $25^{\circ}C$. The treatment of cotton plug with different size to identify the effect of aeration on the browning of substrates and fruiting showed rapid mycelial growth and reduced the periods for browning as the size of cotton plug was bigger. However, yield of fruit body was the highest at 16mm diameter cotton plug as compared to 20mm of that. $CO_2$ content in vessel of substrates was low as the size of cotton plug was bigger during incubation. $CO_2$ content during incubation of substrate was highest in periods between 8 week and 14 week after inoculation of shiitake when substrate was changed color into brown. $C_2H_4$ content in vessel with substrates was highest at 8mm diameter cotton plug and it was increased by order of 12, 16, 20, 0, 4 mm diameter cotton plug during substrate incubation. Sawdust substrate was soaked in cold water for different time to identify soaking effect of sawdust substrate on fruit body yield and activities of enzymes in these substrates were investigated. The fruit body yield was increased up to 40% by soaking substrates in comparison with unsoaked substrates. The soaked substrates showed 165, 175g/1,000ml at treatment of 4 and 15 hours, respectively. Cellulose activities in soaked substrates were not changed with soaking time, but activities of laccase, lignin degradation enzyme, were drastically increased up to 4 times in comparison with unsoaked substrates.