• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1995

To stabilize omeprazole(OMP), ethylenediamine(ED) complex of omeprazole(OMPED) was prepared by reaction between OMP and ED in methanol, and the complex formation was confirmed by the instrumental analysis, i.e., IR, DSC, EA, NMR, MS and XRD. The rates of decomposition of OMP and OMPED in aqueous solution and the shelf lives at standard temperature were measured by accelerated stability analysis. The results are summarized as follows; The mole ratio of OMP and ED in OMPED complex is 1:1, the energy of formation within OMPED might be combined between polar imidazole group of OMP with induced a dipole amine group in the readily polarizable ED molecule. At standard temperature the degradation rate constant of OMP in aqueous solution is $2.540{\times}10^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$ and the shelf life is 4.15 hrs, and in the case of OMPED the degradation rate constant is $7.986{\times}10^{-4}\;hr^{-1}$ and the shelf life is 131.96 hrs. So, the OMPED has about 31 times longer shelf life than OMP. The activation energy of OMP and OMPED are 5.23 and 18.55 kcal $mole^{-1}$ respectively. The stability of OMP is dependent chiefly on pH in the solutions and it decomposes readily in acidic medium by hydrogen ion catalized reaction but becomes stable beyond pH 9.0. In case of the ED-complex, OMPED is stable in neutral as well as in dilute acidic solutions even in pH 6, OMPED is very stable to light(UV), that is, the rate constant and shelf life of OMP are $k=1.0188{\times}10^{-2}\;day^{-1}$, $T_{90%}=4.5 \;days$, on the other hand, the those of OMPED are $k=7.138{\times}10^{-4}\;day^{-1}$, $T_{90%}=64.1\;days$, respectively. From the above results, it is thought that new dosage forms could be developed by using the OMPED as a potential OMP complex.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1005-1013
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• 2001

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of low power GaAlAs laser on spinal Fos expression related to the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation. Low power GaAlAs laser was applied to either acupoint or non-acupoint for 2 hour under light inhalation anesthesia. Spinal Fos expression in the dorsal horn was compared to that obtained in inhalation anesthesia control group. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of the local treatment of lidocaine on the spinal Fos expression evoked by low power GaAlAs laser stimulation. The results were summarized as follows: 1. In the normal animals, only a few Fos like immunoreactive(Fos-IR) neurons were evident in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn. Similarly, following prolonged inhalation anesthesia, Fos-IR neurons were absent in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. In animals treated with laser stimulation, Fos immunoreactive neurons were increased mainly in the medial half of ipsilateral laminae I-III at lumbar segments L3-5. These findings directly indicated that prolonged anesthesia used in this study did not affect the Fos expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn of intact animals and low power laser stimulation dramatically produced Fos expression in the spinal cord laminae that are related to the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation. 2. In acupoint stimulated animals, 10mW of laser stimulation, not 3mW and 6mW intensity, significantly increased the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn(p<0.05). However, laser stimulation on acupoint more dramatically increased the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons in the spinal cord rather than laser stimulatin on non acupoint. These result suggested that laser stimulatin on acupoint was more effective treatment to activate the spinal neuron than non acupoint stimulation. 3. The local treatment of lidocaine totally suppressed the activity of spinal neurons that were induced by lower power 1aser stimulation. These data indicated that the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation was absolutely dependent upon the peripheral nerve activity in the stimulated location. In conclusion, these data indicate that 10mW of low power laser stimulation into acupoint is capable of inducing the spinal Fos expression in the dorsal horn related to the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation, Furthermore, the induction of spinal Fos expression was totally related to the peripheral nerve activity in the laser stimulated area.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.236-245
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• 2016

Because microalgae represent high growth rate than terrestrial plants, and it can accumulate significant lipid and carbohydrate content, and other bioactive compounds such as carotenoid and polyphenol in their body, it has been considered as one of the promising resources in bio-energy, and other industries. Although many studies has been performed about the microalgae-derived biochemical accumulation under various abiotic conditions such as different temperatures, salinities and light intensities, the studies about simultaneous effect of those parameters has rarely been performed. Therefore, this study focused on evaluation of simultaneous effect of different salinity (10, 30, 50 psu) and temperatures (20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$) on the changes of biomass, lipid, starch and photosynthetic pigment accumulation. As results, the highest growth rate was achieved at $30^{\circ}C$ and 30 psu in the both algal cultures, and the photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll a and total carotenoid content, were increased in a temperature-dependent manner. The accumulation of lipid and starch contents exhibited different aspects under different combinations of temperature and salinity. From the results, it is suggested that the changes of microalgal lipid and starch accumulation under different salinities may be affected by the different temperatures.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.331-336
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• 1994

Our purpose was to know whether photo-induced adequate nitric oxide (PIANO)-mediated relaxation of rat aorta is involved in cyclic GMP increment as well as inhibition of phosphatidylinositide hydrolysis due to phenylephrine (PE). Isometric tension was measured in vitro in response to either agents that modulate NO production or release NO by photolysis of photosensitizing agents in rat aorta that had been contracted with PE submaximally. PIANO-mediated relaxation was accompanied by increment of cyclic GMP, which was dependent on the intensity and duration of light exposure and concentration of photosensitizers. Phosphatidylinositide (PI) turnover augmented by PE was significantly inhibited by PIANO. These findings indiate that cGMP increment is responsible for PIANO-mediated relaxation and which may account for the inhibition of PI turnover due to ${\alpha}-adrenergic$ receptor stimulation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.23-32
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• 1997

Melanin pigmentation in human skin is a major defense mechanism against ultraviolet light of the sun. Tyrosinase(EC 1.14.18.1) plays a key role in the biosynthesis of ultraviolet of melanin. This is why much researches have been focused on its regulation in controlling the epidermal melanization. We have found that the water-extract of Banha(Pinelliae ternate B.), an oriental medicinal plant, has no tyrosinase inhibitory activity, but does inhibit the melanin biolsynthesis in B16 mouse melanin cells. We also found that Banha extract lowers the tyrosinase activity in cultured cells. To elucidate the action mechanism of Banha extract we have investigated its effect on the tyrosinase mRNA level using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique. It was revealed that Banha extract reduced the tyrosinase mRNA level in dose dependent manner; when B16 mouse melanoma cells were cultured with 2mg/ml and 5mg/ml of Banha extract, there were 20% and 44% decrease in tyrosinase mRNA level, respectively. These data suggest that the Banha extract exerts its melanogenic inhibitory effect through the transcriptional regulation of tyrosinase mRNA.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2016

Skin damage is mainly caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet light, heat, and smoking. It is known that reactive oxygen species production is commonly involved in the pathogenesis of skin damage induced by these factors, causing skin aging. Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai continues to be a popular and highly consumed fruit in many countries with known beneficial effects including antitumor, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, there is no evidence of a therapeutic effect of Pyrus pyrifolia extract (PPE) against skin aging via inhibition of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In this study, we investigated PPE protective effect against photoaging induced by UVB ($50mJ/cm^2$) in HS68 human dermal fibroblasts. Lactate dehydrogenase assay showed that PPE significantly protected HS68 cells against UVB-induced damage in a dose-dependent manner. Other assays using DCF-DA demonstrated that PPE protected HS68 cells by regulating reactive oxygen species production. PPE also regulated mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial membrane potential induced by UVB, and inhibited UVB-induced caspase-3 activity. These results indicate that PPE protects human dermal fibroblasts from UVB-induced damage by regulating the oxidative defense system.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.137-148
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activity in the lower extremity during walking wearing jogging and roller shoes. Twelve male middle school students (age: 15.0 yrs, height 173.7 cm, weight 587.7 N) who have no known musculoskeletal disorders were recruited as the subjects. Seven pairs of surface electrodes (QEMG8, Laxtha Korea, gain = 1,000, input impedance >$1012{\Omega}$, CMMR >100 dB) were attached to the right-hand side of the body to monitor the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial (GM) and lateral gastrocnemius (GL) while subjects walked wearing roller and jogging shoes in random order at a speed of 1.1 m/s. An event sync unit with a bright LED light was used to synchronize the video and EMG recordings. EMG data were filtered using a 10 Hz to 350 Hz Butterworth band-passdigital filter and further normalized to the respective maximum voluntary isometric contraction EMG levels. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants and four phases were identified from the recording. Averaged IEMG and peak IEMG were determined for each trial. For each dependent variable, paired t-test was performed to test if significant difference existed between shoe conditions (p<.05). The VM, TA, BF, and GM activities during the initial double limb stance and the initial single limb stance reduced significantly when going from jogging shoe to roller shoe condition. The decrease in EMG levels in those muscles indicated that the subjects locked the ankle and knee joints in an awkward fashion to compensate for the imbalance. Muscle activity in the GM for the roller shoe condition was significantly greater than the corresponding value for the jogging shoe condition during the terminal double limb stance and the terminal single limb stance. Because the subjects tried to keep their upper body weight in front of the hip to prevent falling backward, the GM activity for the roller shoe condition increased. It seems that there are differences in muscle activity between roller shoe and jogging shoe conditions. The differences in EMG pattern may be caused primarily by the altered position of ankle, knee, and center of mass throughout the walking cycle. Future studies should examine joint kinematics during walking with roller shoes.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.160-170
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• 1996

Several physiological responses were investigated in plants treated with TOPE as a preliminary step to know its action site. Unlike photo-dependent diphenylethers, herbicidal activity of TOPE appeared slowly and its typical symptoms were both burning of leaf blades and abnormal division of meristem in grasses, Similarly, both leakage of cell electrolytes and the curling of cotyledon margin were also shown in cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.). Biosynthesis of chlorophyll in etiolated cucumber cotyledon was not inhibited directly by treatment of TOPE at low light intensity(5.5${\mu}$ mol $m^{-2}s^{-1}$ PAR) and protoporphyrin IX was not also accumulated. The contents of phytoene, phytofluene and ${\beta}$-carotene were abnormaly increased. Photosynthesis was inhibited only at high concentration. Mitochondrial respiration was inhibited at high concentration but rather increased significantly at 10${\mu}$M of TOPE. However, respiration inhibitors did not alleviate the two symptoms of TOPE in cucumber cotyledon. In the same experiments, using inhibitors of protein or nucleic acid biosynthesis, only one of the two symptoms was alleviated by chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. In contrast, both symptoms were alleviated by actinomycin-D and hydroxyurea, suggesting that nucleic acid metabolism might be preferentially related to the mode of action of TOPE. DNA, RNA and protein contents were accumulated in both cucumber cotyledon and rice (Oryza sativa L.) routs treated with TOPE, and the DNA of them was increased at first. Thus, it is conjectured that TOPE increase nucleic acid metabolism directly or indirectly, and then disturb various metabolic pathways causing abnormal physiological and morphological effects followed by final death.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.694-704
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• 1997

This study was designed to assess the body fat distribution, and also to investigate the effects of body fat on glucose tolerance and on insulin secretion pattern by body mass index in offspring of parents with NIDDM. The subjects consisted of twenty parents with NIDDM who had been admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine or had been seen in the outpatient clinic at Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University between February to March, 1995. Twenty offspring were randomly selected from forty six offspring of twenty parents with NIDDM. As a control group, twenty healthy people without a family history of diabetes mellitus were matched by sex, age and body mass index(BMI). The results are as follows : 1. Mean fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and insulin / glucose ratio were significantly greater in offspring than in the control subjects with BMI 25kg /㎡ in the offspring and in the BMI<25kg /㎡ control subjects (P<0.05). 2. The total glucose area and insulin area were significantly greater in both the offsping and the control subjects with BMI≥25kg /㎡ than in both the offspring and the control subjects with BMI<25 kg /㎡(P<0.05). 3. Upper body skinfold thickness, Waist hip ratio(WHR), serum levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride(TG), total dietary calorie intake and protein intake in both the offspring and the control subjects with BMI≥25kg /㎡ were greater than those with BMI<25kg /㎡(P<0.05). On the other hand, HDL-cholesterol in both the offspring and the control subjects with BMI≥25kg /㎡ was lower than those with BMI< 25kg /㎡(P<0.05). 4. The major variables influencing the total glucose area were subscapular skinfold thickness and WHR and the major variables influencing the total insulin area were suprailiac skinfold thickness, WHR, TG and free fatty acid. In the light of the results, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance were affected by body mass index, Upper body fat, WHR and lipids(TG, Free fatty acid), it is implied that these are influencing factors on total glucose area and total insulin area. The identification of these factors might provide a useful tool to identify individuals at high risk of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, various nursing intervention programs to reduce obesity could be given to both the offspring of parents with NIDDM and to the obese healthy controls before diabetes mellitus develops.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.258-262
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• 2016

The effect of zirconium dioxide ($ZrO_2$) on the properties of color conversion glasses was examined in the $BaO-ZnO-B_2O_3-SiO_2$ system. The difference in refractive index between glass and phosphor affect the optical properties of the color conversion glass because of light scattering. Reducing the difference in refractive index is a method to improve the luminous efficacy of color conversion glasses. As a reference, a type of glass that contains 25 mol% of each component was used. To increase the refractive index of the glass samples, the BaO content was increased from 25 to 40 mol%, and $ZrO_2$ was added at levels of 1, 3, and 5 mol%. Color conversion glasses were prepared by sintering a mixture of glass and 5 wt% $YAG:Ce^{3+}$ phosphor. As a result, the refractive index of the glass was found to be dependent on the BaO and $ZrO_2$ contents in the BaO-ZnO-$B_2O_3-SiO_2$ system. As the BaO and $ZrO_2$ contents were increased, the luminous efficacy of the color conversion glass was improved because the refractive index difference between the glass and the $YAG:Ce^{3+}$ phosphor decreased.