• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.412-421
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• 2012

The yerba mate that grows in the subtropical forests of South America is an evergreen tree within the Aquifoliaceae family. The yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tea is habitually used as a drink in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Southern Brazil. A wild mate tree needs about 25 years to fully grow to 15 a height of meters; however, they only grow to a height of 3-5 meters when cultivated. The leaves are 7-11 cm long and 3-5cm wide with a serrated margin. Yerba mate tea-based beverages are made from the leaves and stems of the mate tree. It is known that they contain a rich content of antioxidants and polyphenol, vitamins, amino acids, minerals and colorants. Dyeing properties of a mate plant in the silk, wool, linen and cotton fabrics were investigated. Constituents of colorant of mate tea are chlorophyll and carotinoid; in addition, it has more minerals such as (Fe, Ca, Mn, Mg, Na, K, Zn, and Cu) than green tea. Mate tea colorants showed good affinity to silk and wool fabrics. It was found that the optimum condition for dyeing was 30 minutes for dyeing time, 7 for pH of dyebath, and at a dyeing temperature of $80^{\circ}C$. The maximum absorbance wavelength (${\lambda}_{max}$) of silk and wool fabrics dyed with mate tea were at 420-440nm; however, that of linen and cotton fabrics were at 400nm. K/S values of fabrics dyed under optimum conditions were 1.979 for silk fabrics, 1.541 for wool fabrics, 0.551 for linens and 0.465 for cotton fabrics. Munsell hue values of dyed fabrics measured 3.1Y-6.4GY for silk, 1.4Y-8.3Y for wool, 5.5Y-3.7GY for linen, and 5.3Y-1.3GY for cotton. All dyed fabrics showed hues in-between greenish yellow and greenyellow. Colorfastness to rubbing, perspiration and dry-cleaning of dyed fabrics with mate tea were very good; however, the grades of colorfastness to washing of dyed linen and cotton fabrics were poor, and colorfastness to light were poor.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.278-286
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• 2015

Pilot scale system was designed to identify the growth and movement of algae, depending on environmental changes(retention time, nutrient concentration, etc) in Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir of the Nakdong River. Considering the stability of algal culture and easy observation of algal growth, pilot scale system was made of transparent acrylic material(3 sets of flexible cylindrical water tanks with 1 m diameter and 4 m height). Auxiliary equipments include light intercepter, water inflow device for different water depth and storage of reclaimed water. The retention time was 2 days(before construction of weir; treatment 1), 8 days(after construction of weir, 2013; treatment 2) and 30 days(2014; treatment 3). According to the water temperature of treatment 1 were similar by depth, treatment 3 showed a difference between the surface(0 m) and bottom(4 m) more than $3^{\circ}C$. DO, pH showed relatively high in the surface than the bottom. Nutrients showed eutrophic condition in all experiments. The Chlrophyll-a concentration of the treatment 1 showed a relatively lower value than the Chlrophyll-a concentration of the treatment 2 and 3. Therefore, the retention time was considered to influence the growth of phytoplankton.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.184-190
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• 2013

Cave environment provides special ecosystems for evolution of lives distant from surface environments. We investigated bacterial and archaeal communities of wall biofilm obtained from of a volcanic cave (Daesubee) in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes were PCR-amplified and sequenced using pyrosequencing technologies. Unique prokaryotic communities with low diversities were observed. The main bacterial sequences (ca. 83% of total reads) were affiliated with Pseudonocardia mongoliensis of phylum Actinobacteria and clustered with clones obtained from various caves. Reflection of light on the wall surface of cave might be caused by formation of beads of water caused by hydrophobic filaments of actinobacterial colonies. Main archaeal sequences (ca. 65.7% of total reads) were related with those of I.1a-Associated group of phylum Thaumarchaeota. The sequences were related with that of Candidatus Nitrosotalea devanaterra which was known to oxidize ammonia under acidic condition (ca. pH 5.0). Nutrients leached through volcanic soils contribute formation of unique microbial communities of wall biofilm of cave Daesubee.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.284-291
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• 2013

Purpose: This study compared fracture strength and fracture modes between metal wire reinforcement and glass fiber reinforcement in repaired maxillary complete denture. Materials and methods: In this study, fracture was reproduced on center of maxillary complete dentures and the denture was repaired with auto-polymerizing resin. The experimental groups (n = 10) were subjected to the following condition: without reinforcing material (control group), reinforcing with metal wire (W group), reinforcing with glass fiber pre-impregnated with light-curing resin (SES MESH, INNO Dental Co., Yeoncheon, Korea, G group). The fracture strength and fracture modes of a maxillary complete denture were tested using Instron test machine (Instron Co., Canton, MA, USA) at a 5.0 mm/min crosshead speed. The flexure load was applied to center of denture with a 20 mm diameter ball attachment. When fracture occurred, the fracture mode was classified based on fracture lines. The Kruskal-wallis test and the Mann-whitney U test were performed to identify statistical differences at ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: W group showed the highest value of fracture strength, there was no significant difference (P>.05) between control group and G group. Control group and W group showed anteroposterior fracture mainly, group W showed adhesive fracture of denture base and reinforcing material. Conclusion: In limitation of this study, the glass fiber did not improve the fracture strength of repaired maxillary complete denture, and adhesive failure was occurred along the lines of glass fiber.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.30-41
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• 2010

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics and germination pattern of creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis palustris Huds.). Seven varieties of CB were evaluated in the study. An alternative condition for a CB germination test required by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in the experiment, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 85% germination, and germination percentage. Germination rates were different among the treatments at the end of study. There were significantly considerable variations in early germination characteristics and germination pattern among CB varieties. The first germination in all entries was initiated between 4 and 5 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA conditions. Generally, the first germination percentage was 5 to 25%. However, such Penn-series varieties as Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross were much more vigorous over others, resulting in 50 to 75% in the first germination percentage. It took 4 to 10 DAS in reaching to days to the 50% germination, being 5 days in difference among the varieties. Days to the 85% germination were 5.90 to 11.75 DAS under ISTA conditions, being 5.85 days in variety difference. It means 1 to 2 days after days to 50% germination. Penn A-1 was the fastest variety, while T-1 the slowest one. Considering days to the first germination, days to 85% germination, and germination pattern etc, Penn A-1, Penn A-4, Penncross and L-93 were regarded as excellent varieties under ISTA conditions. From this study, in-depth information on germination characteristics and pattern would be usefully applied for golf course design and construction, when established with CB.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.48-52
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• 1976

In order to investigate the effects of seed weight, size (length and thickness), and maturation period (early maturing seed or late maturing seed) on growth of first-year seedlings in Pinus koraiensis, pot cultivation experiment with seeds collected from Gangweon University Forest was carried out under relatively controlled environment condition. At the end of one growing season, not only fresh weight, length, diameter (at underside of cotyledon) and root length of seedlings, but also number and length of cotyledon were measured. Results are as follows; 1. Germination percentage is independent of weight and size of seeds, but it was influenced by maturation period, that is, late maturing seeds surpass early maturing one in germination percentage. 2. Germination percentage is affected by maturation period of seeds in 18.3% of contribution rate. 3. Each growth of first-year seedlings is influenced considerably by the differences of weight, length and thickness of seeds, that is, heavy and large seeds produce larger seedlings than do light and small seeds. Particularly, fresh weight, diameter, length of cotyledon are significantly affected by differences of seed weight and size (length and thickness) in 50-90% of contribution rate. 4. Differences of seed weight and thickness have a tendency to affect more on growth of first-year seedlings than do differences of seed length. 5. Seedlings from late maturing seeds are superior than those from early maturing one in fresh weight, diameter of seedlings and length of cotyledon, but it's influence is a little.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 2013

Hydrophobic coating on a silicate-based yellow phosphor ($Sr_2SiO_4:Eu^{2+}$) was carried out by using hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) precursor in an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor, eventually to improve the long-term stability and reliability of the phosphor. The phosphor powder samples were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), a fluorescence spectrophotometer and a contact angle analyzer. After the coating was prepared, the contact angle of the phosphor powder increased to $133.0^{\circ}$ for water and to $140.5^{\circ}$ for glycerol, indicating that a hydrophobic layer was formed on its surface. The phosphor coated with HMDSO exhibited photoluminescence enhancement up to 7.8%. The SEM and TEM images of the phosphor powder revealed that the plasma coating led to a morphological change from grain-like structure to smooth surface with 31~46 nm thick hydrophobic layer. The light emitting diode (3528 1 chip LED) fabricated with the coated phosphor showed a substantial enhancement in the reliability under a special test condition at $85^{\circ}C$ and 85% relative humidity for 1,000 h (85/85 testing). The plasma-mediated method proposed in this work may be applicable to the formation of 3-dimensional coating layer on irregular-shaped phosphor powder, thereby improving the reliability.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.273-286
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• 2013

Recently, due to problems with subway and bus operations, a need has emerged for a solution such as the introduction of an Advanced Transit System. In several municipalities, systems have been introduced using light rail as AGT urban aesthetics construction. There is high inhibition and civil cases are delayed by more environmentally friendly and accessible remedies. For the purpose of this study, Changwon city would be transformed to have an environmentally friendly transportation system such as a tram with an overview. Features, advantages, and disadvantages are analyzed, and systems are established the existing public transport routes by transfer system. Changwon city's tram plan is first step in open in year 2018, and second step with the opening goal of the year 2021, and the total line length of 33.9 km, the station will be built in the 38 locations. and also in 2011 a feasibility study, evaluated a low economic as B/C to 0.88, but it evaluated the high value of the policy analysis as AHP to 0.502. However, introduction of a tram project that should precede the as following condition. The first step in Changwon city's tram plan would be as follows : The introduction of the tram system would demand traffic management along with a restructuring of the bus system, and the tram system would be selected for domestic realities. Secondly, the introduction of trams would comprehend the advanced traffic composition in accordance with the consensus of the citizenship, and a legal system should be established for the introduction of the trams.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.498-509
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• 1998

The phrases such as elders' powerless soliloquy or stammering and their positions unadjusted to the real world are, so far, one of negative views on elder's reminiscences. In other words, it means that elders can get psychological consolation from the getting themselves absorbed in their past. The starting point of this study is, however, that elders' reminiscence are their own mode of the existence. This dissertation is studied through Van Manen's phenomenological research method. The aim of this study is to examine the nature of Korean elders' reminiscences by both observing and describing the reminiscing content in everyday life of elders. The research participants consist of the ten elders who are community elders, hospitalized elders and nursing home residents. The period of the research is about a year from Jan., 1996 to Feb., 1997. The results of this study are as follows : The natures of elders' reminiscences are the regrecting on their life, mitigating the regrects, the confirmation of the powers and the confirmation of their life's mark. The regrecting on their life is the starting point of elders's reminiscences. Elders have tried to examine their life through reflection on their life that they did not live good life as son and daughter for parents and as parents for children and that they have foolishly lived, on dream that they did not come true, on their learning that they did not unsatisfied. But elders mitigate the regrects. They have felt their limitations of power in the conflict of human relation, the economic matter and the difficult predicament, and have finally accepted their life as it is by conquesting from their tenacity. It is dynamically found that both the regrecting on their life and mitigating of the regrection. And they pursuit the powers. It means the pursuit of the vital powers, the vigorous powers and the competency. Elders have pursued their vitality, vigor and competency through their reminiscences and have wanted to be recognised by others as a powerful being. These have dynamic and compounded aspects. The confirmation of their life's mark refer to through their own situation of health, condition, children, neighbourhood and doing their duty as a human. Elders have confirmed the present value of their being through the reflecting the present, past self, other men around themselves, children, neighborhood and the doing their human duty as a good men. Therefore the results of this study can offer new view on the elders' reminiscences that we have to understand them as a process as what they are, escaping from the simple logic that elders' reminiscence have a positive or a negative effects. Also, this study which have examined the natures of Korean elders' reminiscences can cast a new light on elders' nursing proper for Korean culture.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.41-46
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• 2020

The characteristics of the residual stress on the types of the substrate was investigated with adjusting the V/III ratio during GaN growth via the HVPE method. GaN single crystal layers were grown on a sapphire substrate and a GaN template under the conditions of V/III ratio 5, 10, and 15, respectively. During GaN growth, multiple hexagonal pits in GaN single crystal were differently revealed in accordance with growth condition and substrate type, and their distribution and depth were measured via optical microscopy(OM) and white light interferometry(WLI). As a result, it was confirmed that the distribution area and depth of hexagonal pit tended to increase as the V/III ratio increased. Moreover, it was found that the residual stress in GaN single crystal decreased as the distribution area and depth of the pit increased through measuring micro Raman spectrophotometer. In the case of GaN growth according to substrate type, the GaN on GaN template showed lower residual stress than the GaN grown on sapphire substrate.