• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2005

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and safety of C1-C2 transarticular screw insertion, we retrospectively review surgical records and postoperative radiological findings. Methods: From January 2001 to October 2003, the C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation and posterior wiring with iliac bone grafts was performed in 16 patients. 6 patients had rheumatoid arthritis which caused cervical instability, 3 patients had os odontoideum, 3 patients had type 2 odontoid process fracture, 3 patients had traumatic transverse ligament injury and 1 patients who had been managed with C1-C2 wire fixation had psoriatic arthritis. Results: Osseous fusion was documented in 15 patients(93.8%). Only one patient was recorded screw loosening because of postoperative infection. One patient had only one screw placed because of abnormal anatomical structure, one patients was breakage of a Kirschner wire, and one screw was medial location to lateral mass of C1, but clinical results was excellent and radiological instability was not noted. Conclusion: The author's experience demonstrates that C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation with wired bone graft is a safe procedure with higher fusion rate but precaution is needed to avoid the neural damage, vertebral artery injury, and hardware failure.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.90-94
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• 2006

Objective : Acute vertebral burst fractures warrant extensive fixation and fusion on the spine. Osteoplasty [vertebroplasty with high density resin without vertebral expansion] has been used to treat osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. We report our experiences with osteoplasty in acute vertebral burst fractures. Methods : Twenty-eight cases of acute vertebral burst fracture were operated with osteoplasty. Eighteen patients had osteoporosis concurrently. Preoperative MRI was performed in all cases to find fracture level and to evaluate the severity of injury. Preoperative CT revealed burst fracture in the series. The patients with severe ligament injury or spinal canal compromise were excluded from indication. Osteoplasty was performed under local anesthesia and high density polymethylmethacrylate[PMMA] was injected carefully avoiding cement leakage into spinal canal. The procedure was performed unilaterally in 21 cases and bilaterally in 7 cases. The patients were allowed to ambulate right after surgery. Most patients discharged within 5 days and followed up at least 6 months. Results : There were 12 men and 16 women with average age of 45.3[28-82]. Five patients had 2 level fractures and 2 patients had 3 level fractures. The average injection volume was 5.6cc per level Average VAS [Visual Analogue Scale] improved 26mm after surgery. The immediate postoperative X-ray showed 2 cases of filler spillage into spinal canal and 4 cases of leakage into the retroperitoneal space. One patient with intraspinal leakage was underwent the laminectomy to remove the resin. Conclusion : Osteoplasty is a safe and new treatment option in the burst fractures. Osteoplasty with minimally invasive technique reduced the hospital stay and recovery time in vertebral fracture patients.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.82-104
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• 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study is to find the therapeutic meaning of the Pyrite in herbal medication. Methods: About the origin, the component, the processing the drug, the properties and tastes of drugs, the meridian tropism, the effects, the treating disease, the contraindication and the method of administration. We have researched thirty three literatures to mention the pyrite in time sequence. Results: 1. The pyrite belongs to the metallic herbs and it consists of Iron sulfide, sometimes containing small amounts of cobalt, nickel. silver, and gold. 2. The processing the drug are the tempering, the annealing with vinegar. the refining drug with water or RADIX GLYCYRRHIZAE and et cetra, and accoring to these methods, the pyrite classified into three groups - the rough pyrite, the tempered pyrite, the annealed pyrite. 3. The properties and tastes of drugs is pungent and regular. If pyrite is well refine, it is nearly safe form the metallic virulence. the meridian tropism is mainly liver meridian. 4. From old times, pyrite has come into general use to treat the injury of muscles and tendons and bone facture because it is effective on dissipating blood stasis, alleviating pain and reunion of bone, muscles and ligament. 5. When the symptom is gone, a medicine to contain pyrite must be stoped taking. Because of pyrite's effect on regulateing Gi and promoting blood flow. Conclusions: This study showed that the pyrite is useful herb to treat the injury of muscles and tendons and bone facture.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.100-104
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• 2006

The Incidence of groin injury was about 10% in football player These injuries occur most commonly in athletes participating in sports Involving cutting, quick accelerations and decelerations and sudden directional changes. Symptoms may range from intermittent episodes of mild discomfort to severe and chronic career-ending pain. Groin injuries may result from a variety of causes. We must keep in mind that many other conditions may also affect the groin. Because of the anatomy of the region is so complex. Ligament/muscle strains, nerve entrapment syndromes, sportsman's hernia, symphysitis, stress fractures and various hip pathologies are reviewed as causes of groin pain are reviewed as common causes of groin pain.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 2004

A finite element model development of a 50th percentile male cervical spine is presented in this paper. The model consists of rigid, geometrically accurate vertebrae held together with deformable intervertibral disks, facet joints, and ligaments modeled as a series of nonlinear springs. These deformable structures were rigorously tuned, through failure, to mimic existing experimental data; first as functional unit characterizations at three cervical levels and then as a fully assembled c-spine using the experimental data from Duke University and other data in the NHTSA database. After obtaining satisfactory validation of the performance of the assembled ligamentous cervical spine against available experimental data, 22 cervical muscle pairs, representing the majority of the neck's musculature, were added to the model. Hill's muscle model was utilized to generate muscle forces within the assembled cervical model. The muscle activation level was assumed to be the same for all modeled muscles and the degree of activation was set to correctly predict available human volunteer experimental data from NBDL. The validated model is intended for use as a post processor of dummy measurement within the simulated injury monitor (SIMon) concept being developed by NHTSA where measured kinematics and kinetic data obtained from a dummy during a crash test will serve as the boundary conditions to "drive" the finite element model of the neck. The post-processor will then interrogate the model to determine whether any ligament have exceeded its known failure limit. The model will allow a direct assessment of potential injury, its degree and location thus eliminating the need for global correlates such as Nij.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2001

Purpose : To analyze the clinical results of isolated lateral meniscus injury according to discoid versus non-discoid, athletes versus non-athletes and repaired cases versus cases treated with meniscectomy. Materials and Methods : Between January 1997 and June 2000, arthroscopic lateral meniscus surgery was performed in 329 cases. We reviewed 80 cases of isolated lateral meniscus injury without associated ligament injury or other pathologic condition retrospectively. The study population was composed of 54 males and 26 females with average age of 30.2 years(range, $17\~40$ years). Average follow up period was 15 months(range, $12\~39$ months). Eighty cases were classified into three categories; discoid group versus non-discoid group, athletes versus non-athletes, repaired cases versus cases treated with meniscectomy. Clinical evaluation was performed using Lysholm knee score and Tegner activity. Results : Non-discoid group had higher incidence of longitudinal tear than discoid group. Athletes group had higher incidence of repaired cases than non-athletes group. The repaired group had better clinical result than patient treated with meniscectomy group. Conclusion : Although lateral meniscus has some special features including anatomic mobility which can cause instability after meniscectomy and technical difficulties in repairing, it is recommended repairing meniscus tear not only longitudinal but also horizontal and complex tear to obtain better clinical results.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2019

Purpose: To compare the time intervals to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical treatment in patients having traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) with and without bony lesions. Methods: Retrospectively analyzed adult patients visited Kyungpook National University Hospital and underwent surgical treatment for cervical SCI within 24 hours. The patients who were suspected of having cervical SCI underwent plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) upon arrival. After the initial evaluation, we evaluated the MRI findings to determine surgical treatment. Waiting times for MRI and surgery were evaluated. Results: Thirty-four patients were included. Patients' mean age was 57 (range, 23-80) years. Patients with definite bony lesions were classified into group A, and 10 cases were identified (fracture-dislocation, seven; fracture alone, three). Patients without bony lesions were classified into group B, and 24 cases were identified (ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, 16; cervical spondylotic myelopathy, eight). Mean intervals between emergency room arrival and start of MRI were 93.60 (${\pm}60.08$) minutes in group A and 313.75 (${\pm}264.89$) minutes in group B, and the interval was significantly shorter in group A than in group B (p=0.01). The mean times to surgery were 248.4 (${\pm}76.03$) minutes in group A and 560.5 (${\pm}372.56$) minutes in group B, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.001). The American Spinal Injury Association scale at the time of arrival showed that group A had a relatively severe neurologic deficit compared with group B (p=0.046). There was no statistical significance, but it seems to be good neurological recovery, if we start treatment sooner among patients treated within 24 hours (p=0.198). Conclusions: If fracture or dislocation is detected by CT, cervical SCI can be easily predicted resulting in MRI and surgical treatment being performed more rapidly. Additionally, fracture or dislocation tends to cause more severe neurological damage, so it is assumed that rapid diagnosis and treatment are possible.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2010

Purpose: To compare the incidence and risk factors for osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction between two groups using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. Materials and Methods: 53 cases of ACL reconstruction using patellar tendon and 40 cases using hamstring tendon were followed up at least 8 years. Radiographic evaluation was done according to the Kellgren and Lawrence's classification. Clinical functional testing (Lysholm Knee Scores, the Tegner activity scores) and laxity testing (Lachman, pivot shift tests), and the instrumented laxity testing with $Telos^{(R)}$ were all examined in relation to the development of osteoarthritis. Results: Radiographic osteoarthritic changes were detected in 24 patients (45.3%) in BPTB group and 14 patients (35.0%) in HT group. Accompanying meniscal injury (BPTB p<0.001; HT p=0.091), intervals from the injury to reconstruction of > 12 months (BPTB p=0.037; HT p=0.021), and patient's age at reconstruction of > 25 years (BPTB p=0.003; HT p=0.048) were found to be significant independent predictors of osteoarthritis. However, no statistically significant correlations were found between the development of osteoarthritis and the clinical outcome or the radiographic stability in both groups. Conclusion: Although ACL reconstruction using BPTB or HT autograft had good clinical results at an average follow-up of 10 years, considerable incidence of radiographic osteoarthritic changes were noted. Various factors such as accompanying meniscal injury, protracted time from injury to reconstruction, more than 25 years old at the time of reconstruction were related to radiographic osteoarthritic changes.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was planned to evaluate complications? of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction with tibial inlay technique using autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Materials and Methods: From September 1994 to January 2004, we analyzed surgical complications in fifty-seven patients with fifty-eight cases who underwent PCL reconstruction. Fifty of them were male and seven female. The mean age of the patients was 35(15$\~$73). Twenty eight cases of injury were isolated PCL, while thirty cases had associated injury of knee. The causes of injury were thirty-nine cases of traffic accident, seven sport injuries, seven fall down injuries, and five of others. The follow-up study was done at 4 weeks, 3 months,6 months and 1 year after surgery. KT-2000 arthrometer and posterior stress X-ray were used to examine the stability of the knee joint and the Lysholm Knee Score and a variety of clinical complications were evaluated. Results: Although the mean score of the preoperative Lysholm Knee Score was 43.2, the postoperative score was increased to 87.9. The preoperative mean value of knee stability using KT-2000 arthrometer was 8.75 mm(6.2$\~$14.3 mm) but the postoperative mean was 3.41 mm(2.1$\~$10.6 mm). The intraoperative complications were: one case of popliteal artery injury with compartment syndrome, one case of patellar fracture, two cases of 20$^{\circ}$ flexion loss, and two cases of anterior cortical penetration of the screw through proximal tibia during screw fixation. The postoperative complications were: eleven cases of knee instability, one case of patellar fracture, five cases of extension loss, thirteen cases of flexion loss, twenty-one cases of around knee pain and eight cases of kneeling pain. Conclusion: After PCL reconstruction with tibial inlay technique using autogenous bone-patella tendon-bone graft, complications were observed in this study. Careful attention during and after the operation, as well as rehabilitation must be required.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction with single bundle, single-incision technique using Achilles tendon and tibialis anterior allograft with ligament remnant preservation. Materials and Methods: Twenty six patients underwent PCL reconstruction was included. There were 21 males and 5 females. Mean age was 32 years. Used graft was a fresh frozen Achilles tendon allograft (group I, 14 cases) and tibialis anterior allograft (group II, 12 cases). Arthroscopic PCL reconstruction was performed using transtibial, single-incision and single bundle technique with remnant preserving as possible. For clinical evaluation, range of motion, posterior drawer test, Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) grade and posterior stress radiograph were used. The mean follow-up period was 21.6 months (12-40 months). Associated injuries were 5 medial collateral ligament injuries, which were treated by conservative method. Results: Range of motion (ROM) was returned to normal range in 24 cases, but ROM deficit under $10^{\circ}$ flexion was 2 cases at final follow-up period. Preoperative posterior drawer test was 17 cases in grade II and 9 cases in grade III. At final follow-up 13 cases returned within normal grade, 7 cases grade I and 6 cases grade II posterior instability. Lysholm mean score was improved from preoperatively 62 to 90 at final follow-up period. Tegner activity mean scale improved from preoperatively 3.5 to 5.6 at final follow-up period. IDKC grade was grade A was 3 cases, grade B 17 cases, grade C 6 cases. In posterior stress radiograph, posterior displacement was improved from mean 12 mm preoperative to 4.5 mm at final follow-up. There were no statistical differences between two groups in clinical evaluations. There were two cases of re-rupture of graft at the bone-tendon junction in group I. Conclusion: We had successful results of PCL reconstruction with single-incision, single bundle technique using Achilles and tibialis anterior allograft without difference between two groups in patients with PCL injury. There were more re-rupture of graft in Achilles tendon group.