• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.465-474
• /
• 2014

콘크리트 구조물이 전생애주기 동안 발생시키는 오염물질의 종류와 발생강도를 정량적으로 분석하고 이로 인한 인간과 생태계, 지구환경 및 자원 고갈 측면에 미치는 피해를 고려하기 위하여 피해산정형 전과정평가 기법을 적용한 콘크리트 구조물의 환경영향평가를 실시하였다. 평가대상은 25층 공동주택의 벽체 구조물이며, 동일한 기능을 수행하기 위한 콘크리트 구조물의 압축강도를 일반강도에서 고강도까지 24 MPa, 40 MPa, 60 MPa로 각각 변화시켜 평가하였다. 평가기간은 50년으로 제한하였고, 생애주기는 원료 채취부터 투입원료의 생산, 구조물의 시공, 사용 및 폐기 단계를 포함시켰다. 피해산정형 전과정평가는 전과정 영향평가(LCIA) 단계 중 정규화와 가중화 단계에서 실시되는데, 특성화 단계에서 산출된 환경영향범주 결과를 인체건강, 생태계의 질, 기후변화 및 자원고갈 관점에서 단일지수화 시킬 수 있는 모델을 제시한다. 평가 결과, 콘크리트 구조물의 환경영향은 여러 영향범주 중 지구온난화, 호흡계 무기물질, 및 비재생 에너지원의 사용으로 인한 영향이 전체 환경부하의 99% 이상을 차지하는 것으로 나타났으며, 압축강도의 변화에 따라 모든 환경영향범주의 값이 일괄적으로 증가 또는 감소하는 것이 아니기 때문에 전체적인 환경영향을 살펴보기 위해서는 종말점 수준의 피해산정형 평가모델을 적용하여 모든 환경영향범주를 종합적으로 고려할 필요가 있다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
• /
• 제11권8호
• /
• pp.173-182
• /
• 2020

정부는 신재생에너지 보급을 확대하는 RPS제도를 지속해서 개선하지만, 온실가스 저감효과 증대를 위해 환경적인 측면을 더 고려해야 한다는 비판이 있다. 공급인증서 가중치는 신재생 에너지원별로 차등화되어 있다. 공급인증서 가중치 결정 요소의 하나인 온실가스 저감효과 항목 값은 전문가의 의견을 반영하여 결정된다. 이번 연구는 온실가스 배출량을 정확하게 반영하기 위해 전과정 평가를 고려하였다. 전과정 평가는 연료 생산, 수송부터 발전소 건설, 운영, 폐지까지의 전과정에서 발생 되는 온실가스를 정확하게 산출하는 것이다. 이번 연구는 온실가스 저감효과를 기존 정성적 방법에서 정량적 방법으로 변경하는 방안을 제안하고 평가한다. 그 결과, 평가 점수는 바뀌는데, 점수를 등급화하는 구간이 커서 REC 가중치에는 영향을 주지 않는다. 따라서 온실가스 저감효과를 공급인증서 가중치에 직접 반영하는 방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제60권6호
• /
• pp.83-96
• /
• 2018

The objective of this study was to estimate the climate change impact on water quantity and quality to Saemanguem watershed using SWAT (Soil and water assessment tool) model. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using observed data from 2008 to 2017 for the study watershed. The $R^2$ (Determination coefficient), RMSE (Root mean square error), and NSE (Nash-sutcliffe efficiency coefficient) were used to evaluate the model performance. RCP scenario data were produced from 10 GCM (General circulation model) and all relevant grid data including the major observation points (Gusan, Jeonju, Buan, Jeongeup) were extracted. The systematic error evaluation of the GCM model outputs was performed as well. They showed various variations based on analysis of future climate change effects. In future periods, the MIROC5 model showed the maximum values and the CMCC-CM model presented the minimum values in the climate data. Increasing rainfall amount was from 180mm to 250mm and increasing temperature value ranged from 1.7 to $5.9^{\circ}C$, respectively, compared with the baseline (2006~2017) in 10 GCM model outputs. The future 2030s and 2070s runoff showed increasing rate of 16~29% under future climate data. The future rate of change for T-N (Total nitrogen) and T-P (Total phosphorus) loads presented from -26 to +0.13% and from +5 to 47%, respectively. The hydrologic cycle and water quality from the Saemanguem headwater were very sensitive to projected climate change scenarios so that GCM model should be carefully selected for the purpose of use and the tendency analysis of GCM model are needed if necessary.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제60권3호
• /
• pp.51-61
• /
• 2018

Transportation and storage technologies, which are key drivers for trade, has increased global trade of agricultural products about 165% from 1995 to 2015. Korea imports 76.2% of grain from major food exporters such as USA, Australia, Brazil, and China. The expected long shipping distances from these countries can seriously cause environmental impacts on various environmental categories such as climate change, particulate matter, and acidification. The goal of this study is to assess the environmental implications focused on greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matters (PMs) emissions of imported grains (wheat, corn, and bean) using food miles analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA). The environmental impacts of imported crops are estimated by transportation modes using the national LCI database provided by Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI). The results of this study are as follows; (1) Imported wheat comes from USA (29%), AUS (27%), and URK (20%), corn is imported from USA (34%), BRA (29%), and URK (16%), and bean comes from BRA (57%), USA (40%), and CHN (2%); (2) the food miles of imported crops (wheat, corn, and bean) are 3.62E+10, 1.30E+11, and $2.20E+10ton{\cdot}km$, respectively; (3) the potential GHGs and PMs of wheat, corn, and bean are 5.02E+08, 1.67E+09, and 2.84E+08 kg $CO_2e$ and 5.89E+05, 1.83E+06, 3.07E+05 kg $PM_{10}e$, respectively. The outputs of this study could provide environmental impacts and carrying distances of imported agricultural products for preparing a plan to reduce environmental impacts.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제60권3호
• /
• pp.135-148
• /
• 2018

Reservoir sedimentation is a major environmental issue, and various sediment load controls and plans have been proposed to secure clean and safe water resources. The objectives of this study were to estimate soil loss in the upper basins and predict sediment deposition in Ipjang reservoir using hydrologic and hydraulic model. To do so, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and EFDC (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code) was used to estimate soil loss in two upper basins and to predict spatial distribution and amount of sediment deposition in the Ipjang reservoir, respectively. The hydrologic modeling results showed that annual average soil loss from the upper basins was 500 ton. The hydraulic modeling results demonstrated that sediment particles transported to the reservoir were mostly trapped in the vicinity of the reservoir inlet and then moved toward the bank over time. If long-term water quality monitoring and sediment survey are performed, this study can be used as a tool for predicting the dredging amount, dredging location and proper dredging cycle in the reservoir. The study findings are expected to be used as a basis to establish management solutions for sediment reduction.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제43권1호
• /
• pp.78-82
• /
• 2010

Vessel numbers and fuel consumption by South Korea's offshore and coastal fisheries have continuously declined since 2000. Using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines, $CO_2$ emissions by South Korea's fishery industry (fishing and aquaculture, excluding deep-sea fishing) were calculated by the default $ CO_2$ emission factor and fuel consumption by fuel type, Emission of $CO_2$ was estimated to be 3.22 million $tCO_2$/year in 2007 for fisheries (excluding deep-sea fishing); when including deep-sea fishing, the estimated value increased to 4.11 million $tCO_2$/year. Fuel consumption per tonne of fishery production was 498 L, and the amount of $CO_2$ emission per tonne of production was 1.62 $tCO_2$. To calculate $CO_2$ emission more exactly, we must develop a system to compile energy balance statistics and introduce life-cycle assessment for the fishery industry.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2010

As global warming progresses, nations around the world are trying to reduce emission of $CO_2$ that accounts for the greatest portion of greenhouse gases. To reduce $CO_2$ emission, it is first necessary to estimate $CO_2$ emission of each industry. Government authorities estimate basic unit of $CO_2$ emission from re-bar that is one of the key materials of construction industry with LCA technique (Life Cycle Assessment). However, basic unit of $CO_2$ emission varies from organization to organization. The Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (2004) publishes it 3.48($TCO_2/ton$) and 0.30($TCO_2/ton$) with input-output analysis while the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (2008) defines it as 0.34($TCO_2/ton$) with process analysis, which indicates ambiguity in application of basic unit of $CO_2$emission. Based on the analysis of conventional methods used for estimating the $CO_2$ emission, therefore, this research suggests existing problems on the methods and focuses on proposing an strategy to effectively estimate the basic unit of $CO_2$ emission according to the energy consumption limited to the re-bar production in steel mill in order to overcome the problems. The result of this research is expected to be helpful in calculating and reducing $CO_2$ emission.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.293-300
• /
• 2006

A liquid metal reactor (LMR) operated at high temperatures is subjected to both cyclic mechanical loading and thermal loading; thus, creep-fatigue is a major concern to be addressed with regard to maintaining structural integrity. The Korea Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor (KALIMER), which has a normal operating temperature of $545^{\circ}C$ and a total service life time of 60 years, is composed of various cylindrical structures, such as the reactor vessel and the reactor baffle. This study focuses on the creepfatigue crack initiation for a cylindrical Y-junction structure made of 316 stainless steel (SS), which is subjected to cyclic axial tensile loading and thermal loading at a high-temperature hold time of $545^{\circ}C$. The evaluation of the considered creep-fatigue crack initiation was carried out utilizing the ${\sigma}_d$ approach of the RCC-MR A16 guide, which is the high-temperature defect assessment procedure. This procedure is based on the total accumulated strain during the service time. To confirm the evaluated result, a high-temperature creep-fatigue structural test was performed. The test model had a circumferential through wall defect at the center of the model. The defect front of the test model was investigated after the $100^{th}$ cycle of the testing by utilizing a metallurgical inspection technique with an optical microscope, after which the test result was compared with the evaluation result. This study shows how creep-fatigue crack initiation for a high-temperature structure can be predicted with conservatism per the RCC-MR A16 guide.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.15-19
• /
• 2012

폐목재를 자원화하는 방법은 물질재활용과 에너지재활용으로 분류된다. 물질재활용은 폐목재를 원료로 파티클보드 또는 MDF를 생산하는 것 등이 포함되며 분리배출 및 수집을 통해 수차례 재활용이 가능한 장점이 있다. 에너지재활용은 칩을 제조하여 열병합발전 또는 보일러의 원료로 에너지를 생산하는 것을 말한다. 화석연료를 사용하는 발전소, 보일러 등에서 기존의 연료(석유, 화석연료 등)를 폐목재로 대체하면 화석연료 구입비용과 폐목재를 폐기물로서 처리하는 비용을 절감할 수 있다. 본 연구는 폐목재를 원료로 하여 파티클보드 생산공정과 열병합 에너지 생산공정을 전과정평가의 방법으로 지구 온난화에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 폐목재 1톤을 사용하여 파티클보드 생산공정은 112kg의 온실가스 를 배출하며, 열병합에너지공정은 382kg의 온실가스를 배출하는 것으로 분석되었으며, 분석조건은 파티클보드의 평균수명 14년과 재활용회수 16회를 가정하였고, 이때 임시적 탄소저장능을 고려하였다.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2008

The carbon dioxide is brought from the energy consumption and regarded as a criteria material to estimate the Global Warming Potential. Building shares about 30% in national energy consumption and affects to environment as much as the energy consumption. But there is not enough data to forecast the amount of the carbon dioxide during the maintenance stage. Various factors are related with the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission such as the physical area, the building exterior area, the maintenance type and location. Among these factors, the building carbon-dioxide emission can be estimated by the overall building characteristics such as the maintenance area, the number of household, the heating type, etc., The physical amount such as the thickness of the insulation and window infiltration could explained the limited scope and might not be use to estimate the total carbon-dioxide emission energy because the each value could not include or represent the overall building. In this paper, it provided the estimation model of the carbon-dioxide emission, explained by the overall building characteristics. These factors are shown as the maintenance area, no. of household, the heating type, the volume of the building, the ratio of the window to wall area etc., For providing the estimation model of th carbon-dioxide emission, it conducted the corelation analysis to filter the variables and suggested the estimation model with the power model and multiple regression model. Most of the model have a good statistics and fitted in the curve line.