• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2015

Calculated chemical scores (computed in relation to the FAO/WHO reference protein) for salmon liver protein hydrolysates indicated that all amino acids (other than methionine and threonine) were present in adequate or excess quantities; thus, the raw liver material is a good source of essential amino acids. The hydrophobic amino acids contents in hydrolysates prepared from Oncorhynchus keta and O. gorbuscha were 38.4 and 39.1%, respectively. The proportion of released peptides exceeding 500 kDa was reduced when hydrolysates were treated with the commercial enzyme Alcalase, although proportions in the following MW ranges were elevated: 100-500 kDa and <50 kDa. The optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were as follows: pH 7.0, $50^{\circ}C$, and a reaction time of 1 h. Of the different proteases tested, Alcalase was the most efficient for production of salmon liver hydrolysate with the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The hydrolysates prepared from salmon liver had a balanced amino acid composition. The liver protein hydrolysates contained low molecular weight peptides, some of which may be bio-active; this bio-active potential should be investigated. Inhibition of the DPPH radical increased with increased degree of hydrolysis (DH), regardless of protease type. DPPH radical scavenging abilities, antithrombotic effects and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase enzyme inhibition effects of O. keta liver hydrolysate increased in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, salmon liver hydrolysate may be useful in functional food applications and as a source of novel products.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2018

Background: Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive agent used to treat and prevent graft versus host reaction (GVHR)-a complication associated with stem cell transplantation. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of cyclosporine and investigate factors affecting cyclosporine clearance in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Methods: A total of 650 cyclosporine concentrations recorded in 65 patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were used. Data including age, sex, weight, height, body surface area (BSA), type of disease, chemotherapy before stem cell transplantation, type of donor, serum creatinine levels, total bilirubin concentration, hematocrit value, and type of concomitant anti-fungal agents and methylprednisolone used were retrospectively collected. Data related to cyclosporine dosage, administration time, and blood concentration were also collected. All data were analyzed using the non-linear mixed effect model; a two-compartment model with first-order elimination was used. Results: The population pharmacokinetic model of cyclosporine using the NONMEM program was as follows: $CL(L/h)=5.9{\times}(BSA/1.2)^{0.9}$, V2 (L) = 54.5, Q (L/h) = 3.5, V3 (L) = 1080.0, $k_a(h^{-1})=0.000377$. BSA was selected as a covariate of cyclosporine clearance, which increased with an increase in BSA. Conclusion: A population pharmacokinetic model for Korean pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients was developed, and the important factor affecting cyclosporine clearance was found to be BSA. The model might contribute to the development of the most appropriate dosing regimen for cyclosporine. Further studies on population pharmacokinetics should be carried out, prospectively targeting pediatric patients.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2015

This study was conducted in an effort to provide important clues pertaining to the conservation and restoration of Aporia crataegi by identifying the spatial distribution characteristics of the current habitats, prospective habitats, and future habitats of A. crataegi in accordance with climate changes. To determine the distribution of A. crataegi, data from a total of 36 collecting points throughout South Korea, North Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia, and Russia are used. The spatial distributions of the data were examined through MaxEnt modeling. The distribution probability rates exceeded 75% at 18 locations among the 36 species occurrence locations, with Gangwon province showing the highest distribution probability in South Korea. The precision of the MaxEnt model was remarkably high, with an AUC value of 0.982. The variables that affect the potential distribution of A. crataegi by more than 10% are the degree of temperature seasonality, the amount of precipitation in the warmest quarter, the annual mean temperature, and the amount of precipitation in the driest month, in that order of importance. It was found that the future potential distribution area of A. crataegi continuously moves northward over time up to 2070s. In addition, the area of the potential distribution showing a habitable probability rate that exceeds 75% in northeast Asia was $28,492km^2$, where the area of potential distribution in the north part of Korean peninsula was $20.404km^2$ in size. Thus, it is anticipated that the most important future habitats of A. crataegi in the northeast Asia will be North and South Hamgyeong provinces and Ryanggang province near Mt. Baekdoosan in the northern area of the Korean peninsula.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 1999

A study was conducted to investigate the possibility of processing seasoned and semi-dried right-eyed flounder (Pseudopleuronects herzensteini) and to examine its quality during storage at $\pm$$3^{\circ}C$ by analyzing the factors such as moisture content, pH, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), viable cell count and peroxide value (POV). For processing of the seasoned and semi-dried product, optimum conditions of drying temperature and drying time were $20^{\circ}C$ and 4 hrs, respectively, under 50$\pm$5$\%$ of relative humidity and 2 m/sec of air blast speed. The shelf-lives of the products by vacuum-packaging method in nylon/polyethylene/linear low density polyethylene (0.015/0.045/0.040 mm) laminated film bag were 35 and 16 days during storage at $-3^{\circ}C$ and $3^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.267-277
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• 2002

Change in outdoor life style caused by expanded opportunities of leisure time and promotion of welfare for the people had a great influence m the activation of the environment maintenance project. Pleasant and prosperous city environment confers independent cultural value that reflects character of the regions on the city. In addition, an attempt to make the environment of the city tour resources has been accepted, through which each local government established a city plan to promote the project. To make outdoor life safe, healthful, pleasant and effective for the people the design should give cultural character to the space of utility and be appropriate for the life style of the region. However, more organized studies on the design and its development examples are require. This study summarizes examples of the developed design by selecting eight types of outdoor furniture necessary for the Gwangju No.1 Subway Line that is to be open at the late 2003.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.4
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• pp.45-82
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• 2006

This paper seeks to search for wisdoms that may be applied to modern leadership through Tasan Jeong Yakyong's ideology, ShilHak, from the Chosun Dynasty. The present period is referred as the period of transformation and innovation or the period of knowledge information The leadership appropriate for the current period is thus called revolutionary leadership. This leadership accomplishes its goals by influencing the constituent's values, ethics, behavioral norms, and visions based on the leader's moral values, knowledge, and information. Thus, the essence of this paper is in acquiring wisdoms of leadership by company revolutionary leadership with Tasan's life. Tasan pursued change and innovation in a time where Chosun was in a state of decay by following the flow of world powers towards the concept of studying truth based upon facts such as changing the system of thought, reforming legislation, and developing technology. Moreover, he gave courage and hope to the people by demonstrating such leadership in practice. In addition, despite false accusations and spending 18 years in exile, he showed revolutionary life as an active intellectual by leaving 542 volumes of writing through his 'value innovation' that he "pursue things only for the people and the state." Consequently, the paper first deals with what kind of leadership is required for a leader in the position of a general and examines the kind of leadership capacity demanded. Subsequently, Tasan 's revolutionary life and hints of leadership messages in MokMinSimSuh are examined. Thus, this paper is centered upon the leadership of generals regarding how MokMinShimSuh may be applicable to modern leadership.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.807-813
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• 2000

One hundred fifty grams of Korean fermented soybean paste and hot pepper-soybean paste were packaged in glass jar of 232 mL and Sotred at 5, 13, 22 and 30℃. During the storage, the changes in their microbial flora and quality attributes were monitored. Carbon dioxide production rate from the stored pastes were also determined from initial change of CO₂concentration in headspace of the pack. Hot pepper-soybean pate showed much higher CO₂ production rate higher dependence of CO₂ production on temperature compared to soybean paste. Total aerobic bacteria count and lactic acid bacteria count did not change significantly through the storage. Yeast count in soybean paste decreased slowly after initial uprise while that of hot pepper-soybean paste steadily decreased. Surface color of hot pepper paste changed to dark red with slight decrease in 'L' value and slight increase in 'a' and 'b' values, whereas any significant color change was not observed in soy paste. Titratable acidity increased with time with higher increase in soybean paste, but pH stayed at constant level for both pastes. All the rates of quality change were higher with higher temperature. Pressure buildup due to CO₂ production needs to be considered first in designing the packages of the fermented pastes before their color changes and other chemical quality changes.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2023

Background: Injury is one of the major health problems in South Korea. Few studies have evaluated both intentional and unintentional injury when investigating the association between exposure to air pollutants and injury. Objectives: We aimed to explore the association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and years of life lost (YLLs) due to injury. Methods: Data on daily YLLs for 2002~2019 were obtained from the the Death Statistics Database of the Korean National Statistical Office. This study estimated short-term exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 ㎛ (PM₁₀), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 ㎛ (PM_2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O₃). This time series study was conducted using a generalized additive model (GAM) assuming a Gaussian distribution. We also evaluated a delayed effect of ambient air pollution by constructing a lag structure up to seven days. The best-fitting lag was selected based on smallest generalized cross validation (GCV) value. To explore effect modification by intentionality of injury (i.e., intentional injury [self-harm, assault] and unintentional injury), we conducted stratified subgroup analyses. Additionally, we stratified unintentional injury by mechanism (traffic accident, fall, etc.). Results: During the study period, the average daily YLLs due to injury was 307.5 years. In the intentional injury, YLLs due to self-harm and assault showed positive association with air pollutants. In the unintentional injury, YLLs due to fall, electric current, fire and poisoning showed positive association with air pollutants, whereas YLLs due to traffic accident, mechanical force and drowning/submersion showed negative associations with air pollutants. Conclusions: Injury is recognized as preventable, and effective strategies to create a safe society are important. Therefore, we need to establish strategies to prevent injury and consider air pollutants in this regard.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.247-266
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to investigate problems related to quality of life and to identify residents needs for the university educational program for the community residents. The data were analyzed by using $x^2$-test, F-test and multiple range test. Findings of this study provided some useful implications to develop educational programs for community people. These implications are as follows. In the aspect of home management, the need for education about time management was relatively high and the degree of time conflicts was varied to family size, educational level of house, housewife's employment status and outside work time. In the program area of economic life, education for enhancing ability to cope with unexpected events and impulsive consumption behavior, and education for money management technique and value clarification should be included. There were significant differences in the parents' role difficulties according to mother's age and income. Especially parents' role difficulties were children's social emotional development and educational activity. The major problems in management of clothing and textile products were the change of textile sensation, the poor quality of necessaries, and discoloration. This result suggests that education programs on management of clothing and textiles should be developed. In health and food management it showed that subjects were afraid of cancer, hypertension, cerebral vascular diseases in relation with food habits. Hence program of education for health and good food habits should be developed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.4 s.63
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• pp.728-739
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• 1998

To improve wellness and quality of life by recognizing the health efforts of stress, the author estimated the relationships between stress, subjective symptoms and clinical diagnosis through a questionnaire and a battery of specified laboratory tests; electrocardiography, blood pressure, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase$(\gamma-GTP)$, fasting blood sugar, gastro-endoscopy or UGI, abdominal sonography, etc. The data was gathered from 337 clients who were undergoing multiphasic screening program at a University Hospital from January to March 1998. The mean age of subjects was $46.5{\pm}11.2$ years and the mean of body mass index was $24.0{\pm}3.7kg/m^2$. The mean vol of stress was $18.5{\pm}6.0$ expressed as the score out of 40. By general characteristics and lift style among male, mean level of stress was significantly higher in case of lower socioeconomic status, habitual drug use, longer daily working time(>10 hours), no regular exercise, drinkers, irregular meal, skip-ping breakfast(p<0.05). In case of female, that was significantly higher in case of lower education, lowe. socioeconomic status, longer daily working time(>10 hours), no regular exercise, drinkers, smokers, irregular meal, skipping breakfast(p<0.05). Significant correlations were observed between stress and subjective symptoms in all kinds of organ system (p<0.01). Correlation coefficients of stress among male were relatively high with neuro-psychiatric symptom$(\gamma=0.476)$ and cardio-vascular symptom$(\gamma=0.361)$ in order, and correlation coefficients of stress among female was highest with neuro-psychiatric symptom$(\gamma=0.371)$. The prevalence of the diagnosis through the battery of laboratory tests was high in upper gastrointestinal disorders and hypercholesterolemia in order in both sex group. Among male the mean score of stress was significantly high in ulcerative peptic disorder of upper gastrointestine and hepatopathy in order (p<0.05) . Among female that was significantly high in diabetes mellitus. In summary, it is likely that there are associations between stress, subjective symptoms and clinical diagnosis. To promote wellness and quality of life it would be of value that periodic stress evaluation program and stress management including apropriate control of smoking and drinking, regular exercise and meal.