• 건축역사연구
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2021

This paper studied the Pingzuo(平坐) platform structure of the two story building covered with one roof during the early period of Tang dynasty, based on wall paintings, stone pagodas, brick buildings and wooden buildings might be influenced by the Tang style. Instead of Chazhuzao(叉柱造), the typical column linkage in the Song, Liao and Jin buildings, it put the boundary column just behind the wall of a bracket set. Otherwise, the column root might be seen from outside, because its bracket set was still using Touxinzao(偸心造) which did not have a lateral arm on it. And its flooring structure was also different from the Song style, it used cantilever beams instead of lateral beams supported by bracket sets.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.96-119
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• 2015

이 연구는 중국의 중세 목조건축을 대상으로 귀포(轉角鋪作)의 변천을 고찰한 것이다. 연구의 목적은 당대(唐代)부터 금대(金代)에 건축된 목조건축 중 중국정부가 전국중점문물보호단위(國保)로 지정 보호하고 있는 71동의 건물을 대상으로 귀포의 시기별 변천 양상을 살펴보고 변화요인을 파악하는데 있다. 이 연구에서는 귀포를 구성하는 좌우대(左右隊)의 다양한 결구유형에 주목하여 귀포의 변천과 전개과정을 고찰했다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 귀포의 형식 변화는 건축을 주도했던 장인들의 좌우대에 대한 인식 변화와 깊은 관련이 있다. 초기의 귀포에서는 소첨과 대첨으로 구성되는 중공조(重?造) 구성과 일두삼승(一斗三升)의 첨차 구성 원칙이 잘 유지되었으나 건축기술의 발달로 귀포의 출목부(出目部)에 귀잡이한대(말각공)와 좌우대가 결구되면서 다양한 형식이 나타났다. 초기의 귀포에서 진일보한 과도기형 귀포는 홀수 단에 놓인 좌우대의 모양에 따라 세 가지 유형으로 구분된다. 즉 귀한대에 면해 좌우대의 뺄목이 형성되지 않은 '무(無)뺄목형'(요, 북송)을 비롯한 좌우대의 뺄목이 사두(?頭)와 같은 모양인 '사두뺄목형'(북송, 금)과 좌우대의 뺄목이 소공두(小?頭)와 같은 '소공두형'(남송, 금)이 그것이다. 귀포의 후기형인 정형은 각 출목에 사두가 결구되는 유형으로 비록 요대에 형성되었지만 폭넓게 적용된 시기는 원대이후로 추정된다. 요대(遼代)에 이르러 건물의 지붕이 대형화되고 처마가 길게 돌출되는 변화가 나타나면서 하중이 집중되는 귀포를 구조적으로 보강할 필요가 생겼다. 이 시기에 처음 사용된 귀잡이한대는 귀포의 구조 보강을 위해 사용되었지만 이후 귀포의 형식 변화에 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 파악된다. 그리고 요대(遼代)에 발달한 공포재인 익형공(翼型?)은 귀포를 비롯한 건물의 공포형식이 투심조(偸心造)에서 계심조(計心造)로 변화하는데 큰 영향을 주었으며, 이와 같은 변화는 무앙계 건축을 중심으로 귀포의 정형화에 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 하지만 동시기 하앙계 건축에서는 무앙계에 비해 귀포가 '사두(?頭)뺄목형'에서 '소공두형'으로 바뀌는 변화가 서서히 일어났다. 무엇보다 귀포의 변화에 요대의 건축특성이 중요한 역할을 하였음이 주목된다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.157-174
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• 2011

We derived following result by organizing research about processing of medicinal of before Han(漢) dynesty. The human being intake of natural substance for the purpose of treatment was what happened later than the use of natural substance as food. According to the record of by the early years of Shang(商) dynasty, we can assume that we cooked food with water and fire. The reason why there is no appearance of common production that can be included under the name of 'Tang Ye(湯液)' in the medical record discovered from Ma Wang Dui(馬王堆) is because 'Tang Ye' was yet developed. However, as the presentation of format of medicine process, there was gradual formation of medicinal fluid concept. There are quite of records on major details of cloth manufacture like washing and selection, grinding, processing of medicine from the recordings of "Wu Shi Er Bing Fang(五十二病方)", "Yang Sheng Fang(養生方)", "Za Liao Fang(雜療方)" discovered at Ma Wang Dui. It used words like 'Ze(擇)', 'Qu(去)' for the selection and 'Jiu(酒)', 'Zhuo(濯)' for the wash as a process method before cloth manufacture. When filter the processed medicine, it used words like 'Zhuo(捉)', 'Suo(索)', 'Jun(浚)' and used 'Yin Gan(陰乾)', 'Bao(暴)', 'Yang(暘)' for dry. The 'cutting(切削)' that crushes the medicine used different names based on the properties of medicines. The most frequent crush is 'Ye(冶)' and it means the powered medicine after dry. There was thermal process of mild fire(微火) and heating of 'Wen(溫)'. There are many states of medicine seen from the medical record discovered at Ma Wang Dui so they can be said as original medicine. 藥末劑 is relatively commercialized type then. Here, it includes later 湯劑 but there was no name such as 'decoction(湯)' or 'decoction of medical ingredients(湯液)'. Also, 'Fu Ju(㕮咀)' is the transformation of what was 'Fu Qie(父且)' at "Ja Liao Fang" of medical books of Ma Wang Dui with time flow. The original meaning of 'Fu Qie(父且)' is 'Fu Zu(斧俎)' and it means the crushing medicine with axe. The most important thing among the medical books of Han dynasty is "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(神農本草經)" and "Shang Han Za Bing Lun(傷寒雜病論)" of Zhang Zhong Jing(張仲景). "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing" mentioned the dry method of medicine, collection and process production time, cooked and uncooked use of medicine and there are several types of medicine. Other than those, it mentioned 'Seven methods of combining herbs(七情合和)' to address cautions for combining medicines. Therefore, the 'processing of medicinal' in east Han dynasty period entered the theoretical step. However, there is only little recording on cloth manufacture of detailed medicine. From the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun" of Zhang Zhong Jing, the development in the way of 'processing of medicinal' reveled the cloth manufacture for each medicine. This tradition is continued until today and so it presents the development of purpose of 'processing of medicinal' is to greatly present the effect of medicine and to reduce the side-effect.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제16권
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• pp.33-67
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to analyze the three kinds of recarved books that were Wongak-Techam-Ryakbon, Kumkang-Banyakyung-Uiki, Sung-Yusikron-Sulki. the original edition of these recarved books were published by UiChon in Heungwang Temple with the Continued Edition of Tripitaka in the King Sukjong of the Koryo Dynasty. The continued edition was the collections of various and interpretations of Tripitaka, gathered from Song, Japan and Liao. This continued edition is not a imitation of any others but it is the original product of Koryo. The blocks were carved from the carefully proofread script of Koryo's best calligrapher. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. The original edition of the Wongak-Yecham-Ryakbon was published at the third year of Suchang in Heungwang Temple. The names of two calligraphers and three proofreaders are recorded in the last part of the book. 2. The original edition of the Kumkang-Banyakyung-Uiki was also published at the fourth year of Suchang in Heungwang Temple. The publication data are recorded in the last part of the book that the calligrapher was ODaegong and the three proofreaders were Gakji, Jahyun and Dukyeon. 3. The Sung-Yusikron-Sulki is different from other recarved editions in physical format such as number of lines and letters in one printing page. The original edition of this book was published at Kwangkyowon in Kumsan Temple by Hyaedukwangsa. 4. The contents of these recarved editions are recently discovered.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.93-111
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• 2019

This paper provides a comprehensive description of previous studies of making and developing kimchi in terms of the origins of kimchi and the changes in the history of kimchi, along with newly discovered data, including the collection of works in Joseon Dynasty as well as old cookbooks discovered after the year 2000, and latest research in related disciplines, e.g., ancient history studies, archeology, and linguistics. Because new ruins and relics, such as the Liao-ho Civilization in the Northeast Asia continent, which was closely related to Dongyi tribes, have been discovered and studied, it is important to determine how to reflect the outcome of archeological studies on the origin of preserved vegetables. In addition, to describe the background and changes in the independent formation of making Korean kimchi chronologically, they were divided into the following: development from jjanji to singunji; formation of the basis for seokbakji dressed with fermented fish sauce; settlement of seokbakji culture for dressing seokbakji with fermented fish sauce and spices, including chili varieties when they were introduced; and establishment of the method for making whole cabbage kimchi, which is currently typical kimchi made by adding the seokbakji as the stuffing of the cabbage kimchi, to examine the time and specific details of the change.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2000

Ge-Fu(歌賦) means prose and poetry individually, and they both have a meaning of all the rhythmical poetrical compositions making it ease for people to remember the content. All the Ge-Fus used in oriental medicine are made in Yuan(元), Mine(明)and Qing(靑)dynasty, and they have been largely used in most of all the fields of medicine such as Ben-Cao(本草), Tang-Ye(湯液), Zhen-Jiu(鍼灸), Zhen-Duan(診斷). Zhen-Jiu-Ge-Fu(鍼灸歌賦) has about 90 poetries and 10 proses and they contain the names of meridian; courses of meridian streams; accurate positions of acupuncture points; functions; effects; meanings of the name of acupuncture points; usages and effects of special points; manipulations of reinforcing and reducing method; contraindications of acupuncturing; principles of selections and orders of acupuncture points in therapy; and eight diadgoses. Zhen-Jiu-Ge-Fu is subdivided into Jing-Xue(經穴歌), Zhi-Jiu-Ge(刺灸歌), Shu-Xue-Ge(輸穴歌), Zhi-Liao-Ge(治療歌). And In Zhi-Liao-Ge, the most brief and essential Ge-Fu-Si-Zong-Sue-Ge- contains theraputic designs using far apart acpuncture points from the right painful areas in the body. In this study, the author opinionated the Si-Zong-Sue-Ge can be the prototype of the distant needling; the research on this can open the importance of Ge-Fus. On conclusion, 1. "Upper and lower Abdomen - Zu-San-Li($S_{36}$) (肚腹三里留)" means when there are problems and disorders in upper and lower abdomen, distinctively, such as gastric pain, maldigestion, flatulence, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, menstrual disorer, knee pain and tonic functioning, 족삼리 can be a right choice for distant needling point for treating. 2. "Face and Eye-He-Gu($Li_4$) (面目合谷收)" means when there are problems and disorders in facial, eye, ear, nose, throat, mouth regions, distinctively, such as facial edema, toothache, headache, sore throat, rhinorrhea, frontal headache, abdominal pain, dizziness, He-Gu can be a right choice for distant needling point for treating. 3. "Upper and lower back - Wei-Zhong($B_{40}$) (腰背委中求)" means when there are problems and disorders in upper and lower back, distinctively, such as upper back pain, lumbargo, hamstring muscle pain, popliteal region pain, lower extremity compartment syndrom, Inguinal region pain, muscle twitch, vomiting and diarrhea, hemorrhoidal bleeding, skin rash, Wei-Zhong can be a right choice for distant needling point for treating. 4. "Head and neck - Lie-Que($L_7$) (頭項審列缺)" means when there are problems and disorders in capital and nuchal area, distinctively, such as migraine, frontal headache, rhinorrhea, asthmatic dyspnea, aphasia, coughing, neck stiffness, occipital headache, upper extremity pain, Lie-Que can be a right choice for distant needling point for treating.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.15-27
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• 2020

The Main Hall of the Fengguo monastery in Yixian county, Liaoning province, China, is the best preserved and largest wooden Buddhist structure, typical of the Liao dynasty style, in China. However, some degradation to the timber frame of the Main Hall has been noted, and this is causing concern in terms of the long-term preservation of the structure. In this study, wooden pillars showing the degradation phenomena of whitening, for areas in contact with the stone floor, and extensive surface damage at higher locations(mostly above 1 m) have been examined. Samples taken from wooden pillar surfaces were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), ion chromatography, and pH measurements. With respect to the whitening phenomenon, we found inorganic calcium precipitates and oxalate ions, along with higher pH values. These symptoms indicated that chemical changes were taking place in response to alkaline conditions, suggesting that alkaline mixtures with calcium content in the foundations may be responsible. Regarding the upper surface-damaged areas, no valid evidence for chemical degradation was found using FTIR analysis, while damaged areas exhibited the presence of more bat guano-related materials than which were apparent in undamaged areas. The occurrence of this surface-damaged phenomenon has therefore been attributed to physical damage caused by bat activity over long periods of time.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.78-103
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• 2016

본 연구는 부석사 무량수전의 측면 지붕부 결구 구조에 관한 연구이다. 부석사 무량수전은 일제시대에 해체 보수한 기록이 있으며, 팔작지붕의 측면 지붕부 결구 구조기법과 추녀, 귀서까래 등의 결합 수법들이 정연한 형태로 결구되지 않고, 조선시대 팔작지붕의 측면 지붕부 결구구조와 이질적인 요소가 많아 원형이 아닌 것으로 끊임없이 제기되어 왔다. 또한, 그 편년에 대해 다양한 의견(13세기, 12세기 건축)들이 국내외 학자들에 의해 제시되어 왔었다. 본 연구는 동아시아 목조건축 구조틀이라는 관점에 근거하여, 중국 당 송대 팔작지붕에서 부석사 무량수전과 측면 지붕부 결구구조 기법과 유사한 건축을 대상으로 평면비 및 어칸과 퇴칸의 비례를 상호 비교하여 살펴 본 결과 부석사 무량수전의 측면 지붕부 결구구조는 팔작지붕에서도 볼 수 있는 기법으로 판단하였다. 부석사 무량수전처럼 측면 서까래가 내부 보(량(梁))에 직접 접하는 기법은 중국 당 송대 팔작지붕 건축에서도 흔하게 볼 수 없는 수법으로, 중국의 팔작지붕은 당대(唐代) 이후에 산화(山花, 합각) 양가(梁架)를 구성하여 팔작지붕의 측면을 구성하는 기법이 발달되어, 명청대 이전까지 크게 발전된 것으로 보인다. 또한 귀서까래의 발달과정 중 평행서까래에서 말굽서까래로 전환되기 이전 방식인 평행복사연(平行輻射椽)이 현재 부석사 무량수전의 귀서까래 방식과 유사한 것으로 보인다. 다만, 추녀의 중간부분부터 귀서까래가 걸치지 않는 부석사 무량수전의 방식은 중국에서도 현재까지 확인되지 않은 방식으로 부석사 무량수전의 특성으로 보인다. 이런 기법들을 살펴본 결과 부석사 무량수전의 측면 지붕부 결구구조는 중국 남방지역에서는 볼 수 없으며, 북방 지역의 당 송대(唐 宋代) 및 요대(遼代) 시기에 볼 수 있는 기법으로, 건축물의 편년시기와 평면에서 어칸과 퇴칸의 비례 관계를 고려해볼 때 동아시아 북방지역에서 볼 수 있는 고식(古式)의 구조 기법으로 판단된다. 부석사 무량수전의 측면 지붕부 결구구조가 변형된 것이 아니고, 팔작지붕 고유의 방식일 가능성이 있는 만큼 향후 부석사 무량 수전의 평면과 어칸 및 퇴칸의 비례, 측면 지붕부 결구구조를 중심으로 고려시대 이전 폐사지 중 팔작지붕으로 추정되는 건물의 측면 지붕부 결구구조에 대해 복원 설계에 좋은 참고가 될 것으로 보인다.