• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.469-499
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• 2016

The present study investigated the cognitive mechanism underlying online processing of Korean syntactic (for example, A bed/a clock belongs to/doesn't belong to the furniture "침대는/시계는 가구에 속한다/속하지 않는다") and lexical negation (for example, A tiger/a butterfly has/doesn't have a tail "호랑이는/나비는 꼬리가 있다/없다") using an ERP(Event-related potentials) technique and a truth-value verification task. 23 Korean native speakers were employed for the whole experiment and 15's brain responses (out of 23) were recorded for the ERP analysis. The behavioral results (i.e. verification task scores) show that there is universal pattern of the accuracy and response time for verification process: True-Affirmative (high accuracy and short latency) > False-Affirmative > False-Negated > True-Negated. However, the components (early N400 & P600) reflecting the immediate processing of a negation operator were observed only in lexical negation. Moreover, the ERP patterns reflecting an effect of truth value were not identical: N400 effect was observed in the true condition compared to the false condition in the lexically negated sentences, whereas Positivity effect (like early P600) was observed in the false condition compared to the true condition in the syntactically negated sentences. In conclusion, the form and location of negation operator varied by languages and negation types influences the strategy and pattern of online negation processing, however, the final representation resulting from different computational processing of negation appears to be language universal and is not directly affected by negation types.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.197-216
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• 2012

This study examines spoken interlanguage of Korean learners of English, focusing on the distribution of modal verbs and devices of epistemic modality. (Semi-) spontaneous speech data were collected from four students participating in a self-organized study group for seven months, which produced a corpus of about 55,000 words. The data analysis reveals the following: 1) The frequency of the modal verbs produced by the learners was lower than that of native speakers; 1.99 vs. 2.32 tokens per 100 words. The range of the modal verbs used by the learners was also very limited, with over-reliance on can (43%). 2) The grammatical categories of the devices marking epistemic modality were in the order of adverbs, lexical verbs, and modal verbs, with a high frequency of a few items in each category. 3) Lexical items conveying certainty and modals of obligation were preferred over markers of weaker commitment, resulting in speech characterized by firmer assertions and a more authoritative tone, a potential cause for pragmatic failure. 4) A weak developmental change was observed in the frequency of modal verbs, but not in their functions over the seven month period of data collection. L1 influence, L2 proficiency, mode of communication, and instruction effects are discussed as possible variables involved in the distribution patterns observed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 1979

This is Part I of a two-part article on Korean character processing by a computer. In part I, the problems in Korean character processing are identified and the theoretical foundation is laid out as a viable solution to them. The one-and two-dimensional syntactic structures of Korean characters are formally defined by means of BNF and " Patternal structure " respectively. Formal discussion of lexical and syntactic algorithms is given for character conversion. This character conversion algorithm is applicable to both input and output. For device-independence and implementation-independence, the concept of " cardinal symbol set " is introduced. We will present a historical survey of Korean character processing and discussion of implementation problems for the above algorithm In Part II.lgorithm In Part II.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2000

The majority of work done to date on natural language processing has focused on analysis and understanding of language, thus natural language generation had been relatively less attention than understanding, And people even tends to regard natural language generation CIS a simple reverse process of language understanding, However, need for natural language generation is growing rapidly as application systems, especially multi-language machine translation systems on the web, natural language interface systems, natural language query systems need more complex messages to generate, In this paper, we propose an algorithm to generate more flexible and natural sentence using lexical functions of Igor Mel'uk (Mel'uk ＆ Zholkovsky, 1988) and systemic grammar.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.191-208
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• 2011

The quantitative study investigated perceptions of evaluative criteria in L2 writing between two groups - learners (N=212) and instructors (N=52) in Korea. Specifically, the purpose of the study is (1) to examine learners' and instructors' perceptions on evaluative criteria in L2 writing and to provide empirical evidence concerning how they respond to a list of them and (2) to ultimately devise appropriate rating criteria applicable to an EFL context like Korea. Analyses of evaluative criteria were conducted using factor analysis and yielded the following results: learner and instructor groups perceived the evaluative criteria differently and weighted them in a different way. For the learner group, the combined elements of grammar and language in use were identified as Factor 1 and mechanics as Factor 2. The results may infer that learners' response patterns are primarily linked to their instructors' writing practice in class, which may largely focus on grammatical knowledge based on lexical use and mechanical accuracy. Similarly, the instructor group acknowledged grammatical knowledge as Factor 1 and lexical use as Factor 2. The first two factors found in both learner and instructor groups indicate that in an EFL context like Korea, the form-then-content way of teaching and learning is still being considered more effective in L2 writing than any other method. Taking into consideration these perceptive similarities and differences between learners and instructors, the categories of evaluative criteria in writing include content and organization, grammar, mechanics, language in use, and flow of the essay, respectively.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.239-265
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• 2010

This study investigates the effects of corpus-based vocabulary tasks on the acquisition of English vocabulary in an attempt to explore the influence of corpus use on EFL pedagogy. For this to be realized, a total of 40 Korean high school students participated in the study over a 4-week period. An experimental group used a set of corpus-based tasks for vocabulary learning, whereas a control group carried out a traditional task (i.e., the L1-L2 translation) for vocabulary learning. To assess learning gains, the students were asked to complete the pre- and post-treatment tests measuring the word form, meaning, and use aspects of target lexical items. Results of the study indicate that in the experimental group the corpus-based vocabulary tasks were beneficial for the learning of word forms and use. In particular, corpus-based benefits were greatest in the low-proficiency EFL learners' collocational aspects of vocabulary use. On the other hand, in the control group, the traditional vocabulary tasks benefited the meaning aspects of target vocabulary items the most. In addition, survey results revealed that most students were positive about the corpus-based learning experience although some expressed reservations about the heavy cognitive load and the time-consuming nature of the analysis of corpus data primarily due to learners' lack of language proficiency.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.32.3-32
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• 2001

This paper proposes a layered protocol to interpret voice commands of the user´s own language to a machine, to control it in real time. The layers consist of speech signal capturing layer, lexical analysis layer, interpretation layer and finally activation layer, where each layer tries to mimic the human counterparts in command following. The contents of a continuous voice command are captured by using Hidden Markov Model based speech recognizer. Then the concepts of Artificial Neural Network are devised to classify the contents of the recognized voice command ...

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.223-233
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• 2007

The so-called Korean BNC (bound noun construction) displays complex syntactic, semantic, and constructional properties. This paper, couched upon a constraint-based approach, two different syntactic structures for the construction with articulated lexical properties for the BNs and relevant predicates. The paper reports an implementation of this analysis in the LKB (Linguistic Knowledge Building) system and shows us that this direction is robust enough to pare relevant sentences.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.496-498
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 미등록 어휘로 인한 구문분석의 실패를 해결하는 방법으로 WordNet의 유의어 정보를 이용하였다. 이 방법을 또한 설화용 온톨러지 OfN의 어휘확장에 적용하였다. 실험을 통하여 구문분석 과정에서 나타나는 미등록 어휘문제의 해결과 문장의 의미분석 과정이 순조롭게 진행될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.396-400
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• 2004

가상공간에서의 정보교류가 늘어나면서 컴퓨터 통신언어도 자연어처리의 새로운 연구 분야로 등장하였다. 가장 일상화된 컴퓨터 통신어이며 인터넷상의 실시간 대화어인 채팅언어는 신속한 정보 전달 매체의 기능과 문자언어로서 정보교류와 대화 상황을 함께 내포해야 하는 문어와 구어의 양면성을 동시에 가는 언어이다. 이러한 특수성으로 컴퓨터 통신언어의 경우 발화자의 개성에 따라한 의미의 단어도 표기법이 다양하여 어휘수가 매우 많다. 본 연구에서는 컴퓨터 통신에서 사용되는 다양한 어휘를 컴퓨터로 처리하기 위한 어휘의 유형을 체계화하는 방안을 제시한다.