• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.154-155
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• 2014

Small photovoltaic equipment spreads to the detached house owing to the support of government. This study analyzed the payback period of small photovoltaic equipment, and presented a plan of spreading PV equipment by electricity consumption according to the results. The results of payback period analysis showed that a household of 500kWh or above in the average monthly electricity consumption could produce an economic effect without the subsidies of government, and a household of 300kWh or above could secure economical efficiency in case of receiving the subsidies of government and municipality. However, it was shown that the economic effect was not large in case of a household of less than 250kWh. Therefore, the analysis showed that it would be necessary to be supported by additional subsidies or to develop a new supporting policy with regard to a household of less than 250kWh.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 1990

Rapid industrialization has induced the migration of rural people to urban areas. Such migration has created enlarged the existing low income group. Residents of low income area have increased health risk owing to their poor living environment, low income. overwork and inappropriate health care. The general objective of this study was to group the pattern of medical care utilization of low income group. The specific objectives were to identify disease prevalence and medical care utilization of low income group. To meet the objectives of this study, household interview method was applied. A total of 1845 households in 5 areas such as Bongchon 5th Dong, Bongchon 2nd Dong, Sanggae 5th Dong, Sanggae 4th Dong, and Shinrim 7th Dong were visited and interviewed by field team during the period from April 19 to May 3. 1989. The major findings obtained from the information collected were as follows : The Number of room per household used was one to two rooms. The employment state of the head of household disclosed that 88.6% had a job and the remaining 11.4% were unemployed. The average monthly income was 502,770won. however, 30% of the total income was less than 300,000 won in Bongchon 5th dong area. and 34.5% in Shinrim 7th Dong area. 41.3% of households had debts, which was consisted of household expense(33.4%), income formulation(22.7%) and medical care cost(15.9%) etc. Prevalence rate of diseases during the preceding 30days before the date of the household interview was 387.7 per 1000 persons. The prevalence rate of female was higher than that of male. 8.9% of the sick persons wasn't receiving any medical treatment, and the main reasons of which were lack of economic availability(43.3%) and feeling of non treatment needed(33.7%). According to the study results it was found that the prevalence rate of chroic diseases and the disabled in low income resident areas was higher than that in the other areas. Therefore, the health status of this group should be improved through PHC approaches. In addition. in order to prevent the diseases and promote the health of those people, the health center as well as health subcenter should be strengthened.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.22-39
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• 2021

This study estimated mode choice models for access travel and neighborhood travel from an SP survey in metropolitan areas where shared e-scooter services are offered. Model results show that travel time and travel cost have negative effects on mode utility. It is also revealed that people are more sensitive to travel time in access travel, whereas they are more influenced by travel cost in neighborhood travel. Looking at individual and household attributes, it has a positive effect when under 40 yerars of age, owning bikes, being a public transportation user, while it has been shown a negative effect in less than 3 million won in monthly household income and owning individual cars.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was conducted at small-to-medium-sized manufacture enterprises less than 300 employees. Method: For 167 workers in 12 small-to-medium-sized manufacture, we examined the self-recording questionnaires about general characteristics, health characteristics, occupational characteristics and subjective musculoskeletal symptoms designed by NIOSH. Result: Related factors of upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms were found in using of the PC except work, the speed control at working and inappropriate positions for neck, and that using of the PC except work, the degree of intensity at working and the speed control at working for shoulder, and that the degree of intensity at working, the speed control at working, inappropriate positions and excessive workforce for arm/elbow, and that the degree of intensity at working, the speed control at working, inappropriate positions, excessive strong and vibration for hand/wrist/fingers. Conclusion: As a result of multiple logistic regression analysis, musculoskeletal symptoms of neck were influenced by use of the PC except work, household work, and the speed control at working, symptoms of shoulder by using of the PC of except work and the degree of intensity at working, symptoms of arm/elbow by the speed control at working, and symptoms of hand/wrist/fingers by the degree of intensity at work and excessive workforce.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the supply status and planning trend of North Korean housing through analysis on the North Korean architecture specialized media data. The flat composition is changing and the living room is becoming the center of the houses. Also, in the urban areas, the standard apartment type is four apartments in a row and the plan form is getting diversified into circle type, Y type, and irregular type. On the other hand, in the rural areas, two houses in a row and single house are typical and the change in planning scale and space structure are not substantial. Since the 2000s, design changes have been made to emphasize the third dimensional structure of buildings such as the elliptical houses and L-shaped houses. Furthermore, 8~10 households are located on one floor which leads to the tendency of the building enlargement. In terms of house size, a square concept was introduced to replace the initial 2~3 room concept and the basic module of the room planning the 3 room house based on $3m{\times}3m$. However, there seems to be no standard house size, and the house size may differ depending on the social classandregion. In the early 1980s, when there was focus on the apartment complex construction, the high-rise apartment buildings of 30~40 floors was planned. However, during the Pyongyang redevelopment project, apartments of more or less than 10 floors were built and row-houses of more or less than 4 floors were built. In terms of the complex scale, a lot of small complexes of around 300 households are emerging after 2010. The construction projects are mainly limited to specific regions such as Pyongyang and Samjiyeon, and also limited to specific classes such as the workers and soldiers initially and the scientists lately. In addition, living boundary composition and ancillary facilities for sufficient green area ratio securement and the people of North Korea are maintained consistently. In recent years, the specialized floor planning such as solar house and the house for the disabled people, framework houses for redevelopment business, and multi-storied house construction technology are also emerging.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.67-81
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• 2004

This research demonstrates clothing consumption values, fashion preferences of career women from the early 1920s to late 1930s. And having thorough understanding of values and preferences, allows us to establish marketing strategies for clothing companies. The main purpose of this study is (1) to formalize consumer group based upon the clothing consumption values, (2) to find for characteristics of consumer depending on classification of consumption value in clothing, (3) to understand the preferences of career women about fashion trends. Analyzing data was performed 292 copies, resulting factor analysis, Cluster analysis, X-test, Anova, Tukey test, t-test, frequency analysis, and reliability analysis. This paper showed 7 distinctive characteristics of career women about clothing consumption value. These characteristics can be listed as 1) value of brand image, 2) value of self-expression, 3) functional values, 4) epistemic values, 5) coordination values, 6) social values 7) psychological values. Importantly, brand image value became most significant aspects among 7 factors. Analyzing consumers based upon stated 7 factors, it was found that they are segregated into 4 groups; Self-expressive Group, Psychological Stability Group, Functional Group, Social Group. Secondly, for fashion trend preferences, self-expressive group, psychological stability group, and functional group favored Romantic Feminine Style respectively. Social Group showed preference in Nu-Basic'. The reason for such trend dealt with fabric materials and colors. Finally examining population statistics, younger generations showed more preferences in Nu-Basic', and consumers from ages of 26 to 28, 32 to 34 showed preferences in Romantic Feminine' regardless of their household income, clothing related expenditures, jobs, and education level. On the other hand, 'Modem Classic' was popular among college graduates and 'Paradise' was somewhat less popular among all ages except from ages of 32 to 34, consumers consumption 300,000Won to 400,000Won on clothing related expenditures. And 'Energy' seemed to attract more highly educated females, who had more than masters in degrees with over 300,000 to 400,000Won for clothing related expenditures.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.647-656
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• 2019

This paper aims to analyze the priority of elements in building management system surveying owners living in Small-scale Apartment, and to suggest basic data for establishing effective management alternatives. To achieve the goal, this paper extracted the elements from a guideline supported by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in Korea, and tried to analyze their priority. The result as follows. First, the analysis of the first level suggested that people give priority to facility management, moving management, security management and administrative for management. Second, on the analysis of the second level, settlement of budget was the most important for the administrative, cleaning for facility management, parking management for security management and advertisement of the administrative for moving management. By suggesting the result, this paper concludes that it would be very important to establish a regional management corporation to manage the Small-scale Apartment.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.2 s.22
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• pp.287-300
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• 1987

Island regions suffer from a shortage of health care in part because they are less developed, they cover a widespread area relative to the population, and due to transportation barriers. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of illness and the magnitude of medical care utilization, and to investigate the determinants of utilization in these area. The data were collected by means of a household survey conducted from February 16 to 25, 1987 on S islands which were selected in consideration of the size of the population, the distance from the main land, and the distribution of health care facilities. The household response rate was 89.1% (491 of 551 households), and 1971 persons were surveyed. The major findings of this study are as follows: 1) The morbidity rate of the island inhabitants was 27.7% during the two weeks, and 25.5 chronic illnesses and 9.1 acute illnesses per 100 persons, were noted. Differences in the magnitude of illness were statistically significant by sex, age, education, and family size. 2) The magnitude of total ambulatory carl utilization was 16.8 visits per 100 persons during the two weeks, which was less than that of other regions; and differences in the magnitude of total ambulatory care were statistically significant by sex, age, education, occupation, and family size. 3) Unmet needs were classified as 56.0% in chronic illnesses and 19.6% in acute illnesses; and differences in unmet needs were statistically significant by sex, age, education, occupation, income, and family size. 4) Statistically significant determinants in medical care utilization included the frequency of acute illness and chronic illness, and income in total utilization; the frequency of chronic illness and acute illness, and medical care insurance in physician visits. 5) According to the results of the path analysis, need factors had the greatest effect on utilization, and predisposing factors had more indirect effects through enabling or need factors than direct effects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.7-19
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• 2011

Using 2006 metropolitan household travel survey data, this study analyzes trip behaviors based on a concept of trip chains using both trip purpose and number of trip linkages. For the analysis, trip chains are classified into two groups depending on including commute trips. Each group is further classified into a single linkage (i.e., Origin-Destination trips without any intermediate stop-by) and multiple linkages (Origin-Destination trip with at least one intermediate stop-by). The analysis is conducted using the two-step Nested Logit Model. Computational results identifying the characteristics of single and multiple linkages show that the young, male and office employee drivers tend to have more multiple linkages than single linkages in their trips. In contrast, it is shown that a driver whose monthly income is less than 3,000,000 Korean Won with a longer commute time more likely to make a trip chain with single linkages (p<0.0001).

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.292-300
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• 2021

Background: Medication adherence in hypertension is the most important to control blood pressure and prevent major complications. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting medication adherence and to examine the relationship between medication adherence and blood pressure control in Korea. Methods: This study used data from the 7th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (2016-2018) of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. We selected 4,063 hypertensive patients from the data. And we choose socio-demographic, health behavior, healthcare utilization, and severity characteristics as hypertensive patient characteristics. Results: Of the patients with hypertension, 92.3% had shown adherence to medication as of 2016-2018 and shows variation according to the characteristic of patients. The cases with male, under 50 years old, urban area, single household, unmet medical services, less than 5 years of hypertension duration, no comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction) showed significantly low medication adherence. After adjusting for confounders, adherent patients tended to have lower current systolic blood pressure (β=-10.846, p<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (β=-5.018, p<0.001) than nonadherent patients. And, adherent patients increased the control odds of blood pressure compared with nonadherent patients (odds ratio, 3.02; 95% confidence interval, 2.21-4.12). Conclusion: This study confirmed that adherence to antihypertensive drugs was effective in controlling blood pressure. In order to more actively manage hypertensive patients at the national level, it is necessary to make an effort to improve the medication compliance of nonadherent groups, such as early-diagnosis patients, young patients under 50 years of age, and patients living alone.