• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2 s.130
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• pp.56-64
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the frequency of blue staining fungal species collected from pine trees, Experimental Forests of Kangwon National University in Korea based on their morphological characteristics. In addition the tolerance to fungicide, Woodguard, was assessed to get basic knowledges for preventing blue stain of wood. Totally Leptographium-type fungi were dominated by 79.3% among Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with scolityd bark beetles in pine trees. Leptographium-type Ds-isolates which have unusual morphology were collected as frequency of 17.0%. The most distinct differeneces of these Ds-isolates from L. procerum were the presence of roughened hyphae and flask-shaped conidiophores that have never been mentioned formerly for L. procerum, but since these Ds-isolates formed black concentric rings being a property of L. procerum, the Df-isolates were characterized as Leptographium-type fungi, which are the most common species with the highest frequency by 33.2% in this particular area. According to our experimental results, Leptographium-type Ds- and Df-isolates were very resistant to fungicide, Woodguard, therefore it was suggested that a new method for wood protection from the blue staining fungi should be developed. Exact identification of blue staining isolates collected from pine trees is keep going.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.108-110
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• 2006

To understand the ability of producing cellulolytic enzyme activity in the sapstaining fungi, four species of Ophiostoma and two species of Leptographium were investigated in the culture media containing each of cellulose substrates such as CM-cellulose, Avicel and D-cellobiose and each of chromogenic dyes such as Congo-Red, Phenol Red, Remazol Brilliant Blue and Tryphan Blue. When the fungi were grown for $5{\sim}7$ days at $25^{\circ}C$, the formation of clear zone by chromogenic reaction around the margin of the fungal colony was demonstrated in all the culture media Congo-Red containing CM-cellulose. There was difference in the formation of clear zone among the dyes. Only Ophiostoma setosum and Leptographium spp. showed cellulolytic activity to the three substrates. Overall, the results of this study show that ophiostomatoid sapstaining fungi can produce cellulolytic enzymes.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

During last decade there has been noticeable progress in the research of the biology of sapstaining fungi that cause considerable economic losses to forest product industry. The researches generated broad ranges of knowledge on sapstaining fungi regarding their occurrence on conifer wood, taxonomy, nutrient physiology, pigmentation biochemistry and molecular biology, and biological control. Major problematic groups in the sapstain production are Ophiostoma, Ceratocystis, and Leptographium genera. With Ophiostoma as a model, it is found that the type of carbon source is important in the growth and pigment production of sapstaining fungi. The operation of dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN) melanin pathway for black to bluish pigment production has been confirmed in those cosmetic fungi both at biochemical and molecular levels. The development of albino technology using nutrition competition has been shown to be promising as an environmentally friendly biological control method for sapstain control.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.200-205
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• 2000

Biological control of blue stain fungi, such as Ophiostoma and Leptographium spp., that reduce the quality of logs and cause economic losses in wood product industry, was carried out in laboratory and field trials by a colorless strain of Ophiostoma quercus, BSFcs-1. Inoculation of pine wood chips with the colorless strain 1 wk before inoculating wild-type strain demonstrated that BSFcs-1 colonized wood chips and excluded blue stain fungi from being established. Efficacy of BSFcs-1 was compared with colorless strain of O. piliferum, which is commercially available under the trade name of Cartapip. Inoculation of pine wood logs with the colorless strain 1 wk before inoculating wild-type strain of blue stain in isolated wood chips, while O. quercus and O. floccosum colonized 0% and 17%, respectively. Simultaneous inoculation of logs with the colorless and wild-type strains resulted in decreased colonization (28%) by BSFcs-1, but increased colonization by O. quercus (185) and O. floccosum (29%). On the other hand, BSFcs-1 and wild-type strain alone colonized 75% and 71%, respectively. Treatment of the surface of log ends with mycelial suspension of BSFcs-1 after cutting also showed good control of blue stain fungi in a pine forest stands.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.394-398
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• 2017

A survey to assess the diversity of wound-associated Ophiostomatales and Microascales, the so-called ophiostomatoid fungi, on Korean native trees, was undertaken in 2017. Wounds were artificially created, and a fungus resembling a species of Sporendocladia was consistently isolated from the exposed cambium and inner bark of artificially induced wounds on Quercus variabilis. Morphological examination and DNA sequence comparisons based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S regions of the rDNA confirmed the identity of the fungus as Sporendocladia bactrospora. This is the first report on S. bactrospora occurring on Q. variabilis in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4 s.132
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• pp.53-59
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• 2005

This study was performed to understand the changes in wood extractives, mainly acetone extracts, in pine woods (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) treated by three blue stain fungi (BSF) such as native BSF in Korea, Leptographium sp., screened Albino strain (BSFcs-1) and commercial Cartapip. BSF treatment has significantly reduced acetone extracts, 25.1~30.4% decreasing in red pine and 22.9~28.1% in pitch pine. The decreasing rates of fatty acids and sterols in woods were 10.6~11.2% by 3 week aging and 36~41.1% by BSF treatments, respectively. Triglycerides were also decreased to 5.68~9.4% by 3 week aging and 38.5~40.0% by BSF treatments, respectively. Resin acids were 6.1~11.3% by 3 week aging and 36~41.5% by BSF treatments, respectively. There were not so significant differences in extracts among native BSF and Albino-type strains (Albino strain, BSFcs-1, and commercial Cartapip). It was known that the Albino strain (BSFcs-1) screened for the biocontrol of wood discoloration has effectively decreased acetone extractives in pine woods.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2014

Pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a serious pathogenic worm that quickly dry pine trees to death. Recently, PWN has been devastating huge amounts of conifer trees in Korea. As a first step to explore the association and ecological roles of fungi in PWN life cycle in Korea, in this study we first isolated and indentified fungi from PWN-infested Korean pine and Japanese black pine wood sampled in Jinju, Sacheon, Pocheon, Chuncheon, Gwangju, and Hoengseong in Korea. A total of 144 fungal isolates were obtained from Japanese black pine wood and 264 fungal isolates from Korean pine wood. Their morphology and nucleotide sequences of the ITS rDNA and ♌-tubulin gene were examined for species identification. Ophiostoma ips, Botrytis anthophila, Penicillium sp., Hypocrea lixii, Trichoderma atroviride, O. galeiforme, Fusarium proliferatum were identified from Japanese black pine wood. Leptographium koreanum, L. pini-densiflorae, Ophiostoma ips, Penicillium raistrick, Trichoderma sp. were isolated from Korean pine wood. O. ips and L. koreanum were the major species on the two different PWN-infected pine tree. The cultivation of PWN on fungal mat of the identified species did some enhance PWN reproduction. The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a serious pest of oak trees in Korea. In this study we investigated filamentous fungi present in the body of the beetle. Fourteen genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were isolated. All the obtained genera were isolated in the mitosporic state. The identified fungi were classified in 11 distinct orders including the Ascomycota (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, Ophiostomatales, Pleosporales, and Sordiales) and Basidiomycota (Agaricales, Corticiales, Polyporales, and Russulales Xylariales). Within Ascomycota, 13 species were found. Meanwhile five species were found within Basidiomycota. The results showed the presence of diverse fungi in P. koryoensis. Among the isolated fungi, some were able to produce wood degrading enzymes. Further fungal isolation was performed with P. koryoensis infested Quercus mongolica trees sampled at Kumdan mountain in Hanam-Si, Gyeonggi province from June of 2009 to June of 2010. Penicillin spp. and Trichoderma spp. were the major species of mold fungi group. Pichia guilliermondii was the major species of mold yeast group. Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae was also isolated, but its isolation frequency was not high. Other species identified were Ambrosiella xylebori, Fusarium solani, Cryphonectria nitschke, Chaetomium globosum, and Gliocladium viride, Candida kashinagacola, C. maritima, C. vanderkliftii, Saccharomycopsis crataegensis.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.66-73
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• 2005

This study was performed to understand the changes in wood extractives, mainly acetone extracts, in pine woods (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) treated by three blue stain fungi (BSF) such as native BSF in Korea, Leptographium sp., screened Albino strain(BSFcs-1) and commercial Cartapip and fungicide, Wood guard. In addition their pulping and bleaching properties were investigated. BSF treatment has significantly reduced acetone extracts, $25.1{\sim}30.4%$ decreasing in red pine and $22.9{\sim}28.1%$ in pitch pine. Three week aging treatment showed about 20% decreasing in red pine and 19.3% in pitch pine. There were not so significant differences in extracts reduction among native BSF and Albino-type strains (Albino strain, BSFcs-1, and commercial Cartapip). But fungicide, Wood guard, treated wood showed relatively lower decreasing rates of extractives, 14% in red pine and 10.1% in pitch pine. Therefore it is understandable that the fungicide could protect the wood from blue stain fungi attack, but has no effect on its extractive reduction. Concerned to pulping properties of BSF and fungicide treated woods, red pine and pitch pine, optimum pulping condition was 20% active alkali, wood to liquor ratio 1 to 6, $170^{\circ}C$, and 2.5 hr. In the case of BSF woods, optimum pulping condition was same as the sound wood, $43.5{\sim}45%$ of pulp yields and $1.3{\sim}1.45%$ of rejects. Screened pulp yield of fungicide treated wood was lower than those of BSF treated woods. Rejects in pulps were higher in fungicide-treated wood than BSF treated woods. Bleaching pulp yields were ranged of 92 to 93.5%. BSF, Cartapip and fungicide treated woods resulted in lower brightness of $55{\sim}58%$, but Albino-type strain(BSFcs-1) $61.3{\sim}62.3%$, very similar to untreated one. Therefore bleaching chemicals could be saved in the processing of chemical pulping.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2 s.130
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• pp.65-71
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• 2005

This study was performed to understand the interaction between Ophiostomataceae and basidiomycetes fungi during cultures, and whether the basidiomycetes fungi inhibit the growth and decolorize dark pigments of blue staining fungi. The conjoint cultivation was studied on 2% malt extract agar. The ability of basidial cultures to decolorize dark pigments of ophiostomatoid fungi was the main characteristics estimated during this study. More than half of basidial cultures were characterized by deadlock interaction with blue staining fungi. In the dual cultures, where basidial partners were presented by Agaricus bisporus(64), Laetiporus sulphureus(L01/89), Trametes versicolor(09) and unknown fungus(02), antagonism was found at the phase of primary contact of colonies. Replacement interaction resulted usually in decreasing dark colour of substrate was observed for 11 basidial cultures that were belonging mainly to white-rot fungi. Among them Abortiporus biennis(123), Antrodiella hoehnelii(S28/91), Bjerkandera fumosa (137), and Gleophyllum odoratum(124) were characterized by the absence of deadlock-phase: they began to grow over dark colonies of their partners just after primary contact. Basidiomycetes did not affect strongly the pigments of Ceratocystis spp. and Leptographium sibirica isolates, but completely decolorized colonies of Ophiostoma ips and to a smaller degree Ophiostoma minus. Antrodiella hoehnelii(S28/91), Bjerkandera fumosa(137), Gleophyllum odoratum(124) and Trametes versicolor(B18/91) cultures were found to be the most active in decreasing dark color of blue staining fungi colonies. The cultures were recommended for further development as agents of biopulping of wood chips and bio-control of blue stain in woods.