• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

This study is to present an engineering solution for the repair frequency and repair rates of a building. The existing data for the repair frequency and repair rates are used to draw the probability distribution for the generalized repair frequency and repair rate in a building. The suggested methodology can be widely used for most buildings to estimate the legal repair frequency and repair rates. Also, the methodology can be applied to resolve the risks on the maintenance costs in LC (Life Cycle) plans or LCC (Life Cycle Cost) analysis. As the future studies, there are the multiple regression analysis including the parameters on incurred costs and the decision methods on efficient repair and replacement.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.285-296
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• 2011

Recently world industry trends is moved from manufacturing to service. As a result product-market ideology is central to the service enabler of the service. And value creation and delivery of consumer-oriented services as the core design industry is gaining popularity abroad. But the Service design to dispose of the whole process from planning to be done systematically is not yet established a clear concept. This study suggested problems of the current service design industry, service plans and strategies for the development of service design through open questionnaire and FGI(Focus Group Interview) for using service model methodology which is presented by HyeogIn Kwon et al.(2010). And we also consider 27 kinds of developing challenges for service design industry innovation by 6 sectors, such as workforce, R&D, legal framework, lay the foundation, knowledge service and collaborative service.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2018

Purpose - This paper mainly studied the role of the logistics legal system in promoting international transport logistics, building marine economy international cooperation demonstration zone and deepening the economic and financial cooperation etc between China and Korea. Research design, data, and methodology - The study conducted a survey on China and Korea's 2012-2017 years data. After empirically analyzing the data, we believe that cultural industry in Korea and China will maintain its growth momentum. Results - This study explored the way to establish an integrated logistics system between China and Korea to match the e-commerce certification system, online payment system and logistic distribution, thereby gradually promoting economic development and logistics integration in Asia. Conclusions- China-Korea FTA can encourage private flow to take on enterprises. In terms of improving logistics efficiency, reducing logistics costs and establishing a unified logistics industry standardization system. This will accelerate logistics industry integration in Northeast Asia, build a unified logistics management center in Northeast Asia, and promote a new model of integrated logistics cooperation in Northeast Asia. Therefore, it has a practical and reference significance.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.31-52
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• 2020

Purpose - This study mainly investigates two potential legal regimes expected to govern the use of electronic bills of lading: the Rotterdam Rules (2009) and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (2017). Widespread use of electronic bills of lading has been unsuccessful partly due to the absence of a uniform legal regime and protracted uncertainties. This paper aims to carry out an assessment of the possibilities where either of two potential legal regimes could provide certainty to the effect and validity of the use of electronic bills of lading, and contribute to the facilitation of electronically transferring the rights to goods carried by sea. Design/methodology - This paper first introduces two legal instruments and the relevance to electronic bills of lading. Since neither of these legal instruments has yet entered into force, the following section looks into the ratification or enactment possibilities based on a literature review and track records of the past legal regimes of the same kind. Assessment of the different adoption possibilities further requires comparative work of the two legal instruments, which will be based on an analysis of relevant provisions and a literature review. The literature review on the Rotterdam Rules delves into various studies and data produced since the UNCITRAL's adoption in 2009. The literature review on the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records heavily relies on UNCITRAL working group documents from 2011 to 2017 together with the final explanatory note. Findings - The main findings can be summarized as follows. Application of the Rotterdam Rules would negate the role of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records assisting in the implementation of the Rotterdam Rules due to some conflicting issues. Enactment of the UNCITRAL Model Law alone can sufficiently provide a higher level of certainty in the use and effect of electronic bills of lading so long as lawmakers and parties are aware of some issues with the application. What concerns potential users most is the extension of the status quo, where neither of the legal instruments have any effect. It is necessary to take a number of alternatives into consideration, such as promotion of standard clauses and confirmation by a court ruling. Originality/value - Existing studies focus either on the Rotterdam Rules or on the UNCITRAL Model Law, but not both. Not many papers have yet dealt with the Model Law, which was adopted by UNCITRAL only 2 years ago, particularly in the context of a potential legal regime for electronic bills of lading. This paper attempts to introduce the differences between the two legal instruments in regulating the use of electronic bills of lading while providing an assessment of the various possibilities for which parties involved in international trade can be better prepared for the changing legal environment.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.113-130
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper investigates applicability of blockchain based bill of lading under the current legal environment. Legal requirements of electronic bill of lading will be analyzed based on the Rotterdam Rules and recently enacted UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records. Using comparative analysis with the previous registry model for electronic bill of lading, this paper examines the advantages of blockchain based bill of lading. Design/methodology - This research reviewed previous efforts for dematerializing bill of lading with its limitation. Main features of blockchain technology which can make up for deficiencies of registry model also be investigated to analyze whether these features can satisfy the requirements for the legal validity of the negotiable electronic transport record or electronic transferable records under the Rotterdam Rules and the MLETR. Findings - Main findings of this research can be summarized as follows: Blockchain system operated in an open platform can improve transparency and scalability in transfer of electronic bill of lading by assuring easy access for transaction. Distributed ledger technology of blockchain makes it more difficult to forge or tamper with transactions because all participants equally shares identical transaction records. Consensus mechanism and timestamp in a blockchain transaction guarantee the integrity and uniqueness of a transaction. These features are enough to satisfy the requirements of electronic transferable records under the Rotterdam Rules and MLTER. Originality/value - This study has significance in that it provided implications for the introduction of electronic bill of lading by analyzing whether the blockchain based electronic bill of lading model meets the legal requirements under the current legal system prepared prior to the introduction of blockchain technology, and by presenting the advantages of the blockchain based bill of lading model through comparative analysis with the existing registry model.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.93-107
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• 2014

Purpose - The pool of entrepreneurs with progressive qualities such as creativity and innovation was considered concurrently with such factors as work and capital that stimulate economic development and growth. This study aims to present a model to support the development of a strategic approach for achieving an overall academic entrepreneurship system in Iran. Research design, data, and methodology - The research design of this study is based on applied research because of its objectives, using principles and techniques formulated for basic research to solve operational and real organizational issues. This design also drives the method used, describing and interpreting the findings. Secondary data (library research) was used for this study's data collection. Because of this research's essential characteristics, no hypothesis is launched, and no research setting, questionnaire design, population or population sampling, validity or reliability tests, or statistical analysis are needed. Results and Conclusions - The model is created using a strategic approach acting in an octal setting comprising social, cultural, legal, economic, political, technological, competitive, and natural environments to present a conceptual framework for future studies.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.346-356
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• 2022

The jurisprudential legal rules govern the way Muslims react and interact to daily life. This creates a huge stream of questions, that require highly qualified and well-educated individuals, called Muftis. With Muslims representing almost 25% of the planet population, and the scarcity of qualified Muftis, this creates a demand supply problem calling for Automation solutions. This motivates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to solve this problem, which requires a well-designed Question-Answering (QA) system to solve it. In this work, we propose a QA system, based on retrieval augmented generative transformer model for jurisprudential legal question. The main idea in the proposed architecture is the leverage of both state-of-the art transformer models, and the existing knowledge base of legal sources and question-answers. With the sensitivity of the domain in mind, due to its importance in Muslims daily lives, our design balances between exploitation of knowledge bases, and exploration provided by the generative transformer models. We collect a custom data set of 850,000 entries, that includes the question, answer, and category of the question. Our evaluation methodology is based on both quantitative and qualitative methods. We use metrics like BERTScore and METEOR to evaluate the precision and recall of the system. We also provide many qualitative results that show the quality of the generated answers, and how relevant they are to the asked questions.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.19-44
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• 2023

Purpose - This study examines the relationships between leader-member exchange (LMX), perceived fit, organization-based self-esteem (OBSE), corporate citizenship, work engagement, and employees' negative word-of-mouth (NWOM). In particular, it analyzes the effect of the interaction between LMX and corporate citizenship on OBSE, and the effect of the interaction between perceived fit and corporate citizenship on OBSE. Finally, this study analyzes moderated mediation by legal/ethical citizenship and philanthropic citizenship, and work engagement in the LMX-NWOM relationship and the perceived fit-NWOM relationship, respectively. Design/methodology - The research data were collected through a questionnaire from 293 employees working at 117 restaurant companies in Korea. Findings - The results were as follows. First, both LMX and perceived fit were negatively related to employees' NWOM. Second, both LMX and perceived fit were positively related to OBSE. Third, OBSE was negatively related to employees' NWOM. Fourth, legal/ethical citizenship and philanthropic citizenship were found to attenuate the positive (+) relationship between perceived fit and OBSE, respectively. Fifth, it was found that work engagement weakened the negative (-) relationship between OBSE and NWOM. Finally, OBSE was found to have a partial mediating effect moderated by corporate citizenship (legal/ethical citizenship and philanthropic citizenship) and work engagement in the relationship between perceived fit and NWOM. Originality/value - This study makes a theoretical contribution by expanding the mechanisms associated with LMX and NWOM by revealing the mediating effect of OBSE in their relationship. Additionally, this study makes a theoretical contribution in that it demonstrates the importance of enhancing legal and ethical citizenship and philanthropic citizenship by revealing the moderating effect of corporate citizenship in the relationship between perceived fit and OBSEE. Finally, it makes a theoretical contribution by suggesting that the interaction between work engagement and OBSE is important in reducing employees' NWOM by revealing the moderating effect of work engagement.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.167-184
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper analyzes all possible issues that need to be considered in case disputes occur with regard to force majeure in international commercial contracts through the comparative study between English and Korean during COVID-19. Design/methodology - This paper belongs to the field of explanatory legal study, which aims to explain and test whether the choice of law is linked to the conditions that occur in the reality of judicial practice. The juridical approach involves studying and examining theories, concepts, legal doctrines, and legislation that are related to the problem. Findings - English law does not permit general economic impracticability to qualify as a valid force majeure event. If a party asserts that they were prevented from performing the contract, the courts will examine this strictly. Many commercial contracts in a broad range of sectors and industries are chosen by parties to be governed by English law. With COVID-19, there have been discussion of parties being released from performance as a result of force majeure. Meanwhile, under Korean law, a force majeure event should be unforeseeable and beyond a party's control. Since COVID-19 is a known event for future contracts, to avoid the risk that a similar situation in the future is deemed foreseeable and under a party's control, parties must ensure that such a risk is properly addressed in a contract. Therefore, it is necessary to have a new clause to cover a pandemic. Originality/value - In light of the ongoing unexpected and uncertain economic impacts COVID-19 is expected to bring to the world, it is anticipated that companies will experience an increased number of claims involving force majeure around the world, including English and Korea. As such, taking proactive steps to assess the applicable legal principles, including the concept of force majeure of contract, will help companies be prepared for the financial or legal implications of COVID-19. In this regard, it would be advisable for companies and businesses to take specific actions.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.7-18
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• 2020

Purpose: The Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), which enables structuring emission credits as a financial product, is taking a crucial position of global collaboration against climate change. Previous studies that have covered ETS subjects from the macro perspective contribute to facilitating legal enactment of this scheme. However, they have rarely addressed challenges aligned with issues arising from labor burdens for ETS works from the business perspective. Research Design, data and methodology: This study presents conceptual models that are expected to help design an electronic system. The study model contains four modules: emission allocation, data interface, reduction technology sharing, and emission trading. Two validation approaches, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and regression analysis, are applied in confirming the feasibility of the proposed model. Results: This study suggests an IT system methodology to help improvement of the current K-ETS mechanism. In particular, this study addresses effectiveness for real businesses and the adaptability of this mechanism to other nations. Conclusions: The proposed IT platform diagram can contribute to successful operation of ETS by providing multiple benefits to participating companies through in-house allocation mechanisms, the soft-landing of ETS adoption to participating companies through reduction of technology-sharing, group purchases, and transaction costs through the trading system.