• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 2008

It has been reported that long-term exercise on a treadmill (running machine) may cause injury to the joints in a human's lower extremities. Previous works related to analysis of human walking motion are, however, mostly based on clinical statistics and experimental methodology. This paper proposes an analytical methodology. Specifically, this work deals with a comparison of normal walking on the ground and walking on a treadmill in regard to the external and internal impulses exerted on the joints of a human's lower extremities. First, a modeling procedure of impulses, impulse geometry, and impulse measure for the human lower extremity model will be briefly introduced and a new impulse measure for analysis of internal impulse is developed. Based on these analytical tools, we analyze the external and internal impulses through a planar 7-linked human lower extremity model. It is shown through simulation that the human walking on a treadmill exhibits greater internal impulses on the knee and ankle joints of the supporting leg when compared to that on the ground. In order to corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a force platform was developed to measure the external impulses exerted on the ground for the cases of the normal walking and walking on the treadmill. It is shown that the experimental results correspond well to the simulation results.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2012

Horse riding is widely recognized as a valuable form of education, exercise and therapy. But, the injuries observed in horse riding range from very minor injuries to fatalities. In order to reduce these injuries, the effective horseback riding simulator is required. In this paper, we proposed the implementation method of horse gait and riding aids for horseback riding robot simulator HRB-1. For implementation of horse gait to robot simulator, we gathered and modified real motion data of horse. We obtained two main frequencies of each gait by frequency analysis, and then simple sinusoidal functions are acquired by genetic algorithm. In addition, we developed riding aids system including hands, leg, and seat aids. With the help of a developed robotic system, beginners can learn the skill of real horse riding without the risk of injury.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.345-346
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• 2008

Most pedestrian-vehicle crashes involve frontal impacts, and the vehicle front structures are responsible for most pedestrian injuries. The vehicle bumper contacts the lower legs at first. The leading edge of the hood (bonnet) strikes the proximal upper leg and finally, the head and upper torso hit the top surface of the hood or windscreen. In essence, the pedestrian wraps around the front of the vehicle until pedestrian and vehicle are traveling at the same speed. Since the hood surface is made from sheet metal, it is a relatively compliant structure and does not pose a major risk for severe head trauma. However, serious head injury can occur when the head hits a region of the hood with stiff underlying structures such as engine components. The solution is to provide sufficient clearance between the hood and underlying structures for controlled deceleration of a pedestrian's head. However, considerations of aerodynamic design and styling can make it extremely difficult to alter a vehicle's front end geometry to provide more under-hood space. In this study, the safe hood will be developed by designing new conceptual inner panel in order to decrease the pedestrian's head injuries without changing hood outer geometry.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1791-1796
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• 2019

Background: Vibration exercise after ankle surgery improves proprioception and ankle muscle strength through vibration stimulation. Objective: To examine the effects of vibration exercise on the ankle stability. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial (single blind) Methods: Twenty soccer players were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. The Vibration exercise program was conducted 12 weeks and 3 times a week. Ankle joint proprioceptive sensory test and Isokinetic muscle strength test were performed using Biodex system pro III to measure plantar flexion / dorsiflexion and eversion / inversion motion. Results: The result of isokinetic test of ankle joint is showed significant improvement in all measurement items, such as leg flexion, lateral flexion, external and internal muscle forces, compared to previous ones by performing vibration movements for 12 weeks. However, in the comparison group, plantar flexor ($30^{\circ}$), eversion muscle ($120^{\circ}$), inversion ($30^{\circ}$) of limb muscle strength were significantly improved compared with the previous phase; was no significant difference in dorsi-flexion. There was no significant difference between groups in all the items. Conclusions: In this study, we analyzed the effects of rehabilitation exercise on soccer players who had reconstructed with an ankle joint ligament injury through vibration exercise device. As a result, we could propose an effective exercise method to improve the ability, and confirmed the applicability as an appropriate exercise program to prevent ankle injuries and help quick return.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.137-143
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• 2019

Objective: Ligament laxity and hypotonia are characteristics of Down syndrome patients. The aim of this study was to compare the landing pattern between Down syndrome patients and typically developing subjects. To compare the landing pattern, variables related to ligament laxity and hypotonia i.e. vertical stiffness and lower extremities kinematics were investigated. Method: Five subjects with Down syndrome (age: $14.6{\pm}1.8years$, mass: $47.6{\pm}6.94kg$, height: $147.9{\pm}6.0cm$) and six able-bodied subjects (age: $13.2{\pm}0.4years$, mass: $54.7{\pm}6.7kg$, height: $160.1{\pm}9.8cm$) participated in this study. Results: The vertical displacement of the center of mass, vertical reaction force, leg stiffness and range of ankle angle range among Down syndrome patients were significantly different than typically developing group. The youth with Down's syndrome appeared to receive greater vertical impact force at landing than normal youth. Conclusion: The differences in the biomechanical characteristics suggest the delay in motor development among Down syndrome patients and an increased risk of injury to the lower extremity during movement execution such as drop landing.

• Journal of the Korean Burn Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.60-63
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• 2020

A 72-year-old man with diabetes, who underwent moxibustion, developed a foot wound but did not receive proper treatment. Examination showed a soft tissue defect (6×6 cm) on the dorsal aspect of the right foot with involvement of the first and second toes along with some phalangeal bone loss. The wound was treated with a skin graft and healed without complications. The right calf showed a raw surface (4×3 cm), which underwent epithelialization after conservative treatment. We observed four focal necrotic lesions (1.5×1.5 cm) on the right lower leg and anterior chest, which served as indicators of moxibustion, and debridement and primary closure were performed. Moxibustion is increasingly used as a therapeutic option; however, statistical data describing its adverse effects are limited. Moxibustion significantly increases skin temperature and can cause burn injuries. It is important to prevent moxibustion-induced adverse effects and avoid severe complications, particularly in patients with diabetes.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 2024

Nociplastic pain by the "International Association for the Study of Pain" is defined as pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of nociceptive or neuropathic pain. Augmented central nervous system pain and sensory processing with altered pain modulation are suggested to be the mechanism of nociplastic pain. Clinical criteria for possible nociplastic pain affecting somatic structures include chronic regional pain and evoked pain hypersensitivity including allodynia with after-sensation. In addition to possible nociplastic pain, clinical criteria for probable nociplastic pain are pain hypersensitivity in the region of pain to non-noxious stimuli and presence of comorbidity such as generalized symptoms with sleep disturbance, fatigue, or cognitive problems with hypersensitivity of special senses. Criteria for definitive nociplastic pain is not determined yet. Eight specific disorders related to central sensitization are suggested to be restless leg syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular disorder, migraine or tension headache, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivities, and whiplash injury; non-specific emotional disorders related to central sensitization include anxiety or panic attack and depression. These central sensitization pain syndromes are overlapped to previous functional pain syndromes which are unlike organic pain syndromes and have emotional components. Therefore, nociplastic pain can be understood as chronic altered nociception related to central sensitization including both sensory components with nociceptive and/or neuropathic pain and emotional components. Nociplastic pain may be developed to explain unexplained chronic pain beyond tissue damage or pathology regardless of its origin from nociceptive, neuropathic, emotional, or mixed pain components.

• Korean Journal of Ornithology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.82-86
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• 2018

Color rings have been commonly and widely used in many ecological and ornithological studies in the field, but color ring-induced injury in passerines is poorly documented. In this report, we describe the first case of toe loss caused by a dislocated split Darvic ring in a Pale Thrush (Turdus pallidus) that was recaptured 596 days after its initial capture and release on Hong-do Island, the Republic of Korea. We also found that a left hind toe of a Light-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis) was entrapped by a split color ring when the bird was observed 135 days after the marking at Heuksan-do Island. Based on these two cases out of the 1,900 color ringed birds, we emphasize a precautionary approach following general guidelines in the application and use of color leg rings for future studies.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.163-166
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• 2011

Objective : Both the paraspinal muscle sparing approach and percutaneous screw fixation are less traumatic procedures in comparison with the conventional midline approach. These techniques have been used with the goal of reducing muscle injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and to compare the safety and efficacy of the paraspinal muscle sparing technique and percutaneous screw fixation for the treatment of L5-S1 spondylolisthesis. Methods : Twenty patients who had undergone posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) at the L5-S1 segment for spondylolisthesis were prospectively studied. They were divided into two groups by screw fixation technique (Group I : paraspinal muscle sparing approach and Group II: percutaneous screw fixation). Clinical outcomes were assessed by Low Back Outcome Score (LBOS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for back and leg pain at different times after surgery. In addition, modified MacNab's grading criteria were used to assess subjective patients' outcomes 6 months after surgery. Postoperative midline surgical scarring, intraoperative blood loss, mean operation time, and procedure-related complications were analyzed. Results : Excellent or good results were observed in all patients in both groups 6 months after surgery. Patients in both groups showed marked improvement in terms of LBOSs all over time intervals. Postoperative midline surgical scarring and intraoperative blood loss were lower in Group II compared to Group I although these differences were not statistically significant. Low back pain (LBP) and leg pain in both groups also showed significant improvement when compared to preoperative scores. However, at 7 days and 1 month after surgery, patients in Group II had significantly better LBP scores compared to Group I. Conclusion : In terms of LBP during the early postoperative period, patients who underwent percutaneous screw fixation showed better results compared to ones who underwent screw fixation via the paraspinal muscle sparing approach. Our results indicate that the percutaneous screw fixation procedure is the preferable minimally invasive technique for reducing LBP associated with L5-S1 spondylolisthesis.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.4
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• pp.1-20
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• 2003

This study was not intended to analyze out the realities of the safety accidents in school. The purpose of this study was to find out the personality of elementary school students in 6th grade and analyze the relationship between the personality of elementary school students and the safety accidents in the school. We made a visit 12 elementary school personally in the B city of Gyeonggi Province and gave out 552 questionaries in order to accomplish the purpose of this study. And we analyzed the 501 answer data except the unfittable data 51 sheets-in case of no answer or untruthfulness. The inspection of the personality used the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) and the questionnaires of the safety accidents in the school were reorganized of the questionnaires which were used in Chun-Ok, Joen(1997) and One-Yong, Kim(1999)'s study to correspond with our purpose of study. Answer sheets were gone through the t and x2 test by using the program of SPPS. First, elementary school students are in the formative period in the life of a man. So many students's personality was in the middle group rather than in high and low group. In regard of the distintion between the boy students and the girl students, the boy students had higher score in Psychoticism(P) but the girl students had higher score in Neutroticism(N). And Lie(L) was showing a little more score in the girl students. Second, there was significant difference in the investigation of safety accidents in school according to sex distinction. 1) Comparing the boy students and the girl students, the rate of accidents was higher in boy rather than girl. And there was significant difference. 2) Comparing the grade of the school, the rate of accidents was higher in upper grade than lower grade both girls and boys. 3) In the kind of accidents, the traumatic Injuries were very popular and the next were contusions. There was significant difference in the traumatic injury and nosebleed. 4) The results of injured parts showed that the injuries of foot, leg, hand, arm hold a large majority. And there was a significant difference in head, face, foot, leg and etc. 5) Most accidents broke out during the break time and then accidents happened after school were the next. The flowings were lunch time and class time. There was a significant difference in accidents happened during the class, break time and lunch time. 6) Comparing the subjects, the most accidents broke out in the class of physics. 7) Among the cause of accidents, one's own carelessness was showing the highest rate. There was a significant distintion in the fight and game. 8) The safety accidents took place most in playground, and there was a significant difference. 9) Being slight wound was showing almost in the degrees of damage. And there was a significant difference. Third, the boy students were not showing the significant difference in relation to the personality, the frequency of accidents and the degrees of damage. But the girl students were showing the significant difference in relation to the Extraversion-Introversion(E) and the frequency of accidents. And there were a significant difference between E and N. Also they were showing the intense damages.