• Applied Microscopy
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.139-163
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• 1993

Background: It has been well established and is now no longer a controversial issue that ischemia produces a series of inflammatory reactions and the ischemic myocardium cannot survive without adequate restoration of coronary flow, ie, reperfusion. Nevertheless, controversies that intravascular pluggings (IVP) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or platelets may cause contractile dysfunction in ischemia and even in repefusion still remain. Accordingly, we attempted to examine the intravascular plug fomation as well as the ultrastructural changes in myocytes and microvessels and to determine the relation among them. Methods: 1) Human (n= 10, 39-63 years of age; 3 females and 7 males): left ventricular myocardium (LVM) was biopsied from chronic ischemic heart disease patient during bypass surgery. 2) Calf (Holstein-Friesian species, n=4): Circumflex branch of the left coronary artery (LCx) was occluded (ischemia) for 45 minutes and recanalized (reperfusion) for 3 and 6 hours, respectively and LVMs were biopsied after occlusion and recanalization, respectiverly. 3) Rat (Sprague-Dawley species, n=20): Left coronary artery (LCA) was occluded for 20 minutes and recanalized for an hour as the method described by Selye et al., (1960) and hearts were removed after occlusion and recanalization, respectively. 4) Pig (landrace type, n=7): Anterior ascending branch of the left coronary artery (LAD) was coccluded for 45 minutes and recanalized for 2 hours and LVMs were biopsied after occlusion and recanalization, repectively. All of the LVMs were routinely prepared for transmissiom electron microscopy. Rseults: In human, most of the LVM showed irreversible ultrastructural changes in myocytes and frequent IVPs by PMNs or platelets without any significant correlation with age or sex. In the animal LVM, myocytes showed reversible ultrastructural changes with slight variations in accordance with the species, duration of ischemia and reperfusion or site of biopsy, however, injuries were more severe in the subendocardial myocytes and IVPs by PMNs or platelets were frequently observed. Ultrastructural changes in the myocytes seemed to be gradually improved by recanalization, howerver, IVPs were still observed after recanalization. Conclusion: These results suggest that microvessels are more resistant to ischemic insult than the myocytes themselves and IVP by PMNs and platelets may play an important role to produce ischemic or reperfusion injuries. Thus, it is favorable that angioplasty is preceded by thrombolysis and it is likely that restoration of myocardial function requires relarively long period of time even after recanalization.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.242-254
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• 2003

상온에서 단기간의 심근 허혈이 가해질 때 허혈 전처치가 심근기능의 보호에 효과가 있다는 사실은 어느 정도 증명되었지만 저온의 심근 보호액을 이용하여 심장을 정지시킨 후 $25^{\circ}C$의 중등도 저체온 상태에서 간헐적으로 심근 보호액을 주입하며 장시간 허혈 상태에 노출시키는 일반적인 심장수술을 시행하는 경우에 허혈 전처치가 효과가 있는지에 대해서는 연구가 부족한 상태이며 또한 연구결과에 따라 많은 이견이 있다. 본 실험에서는 상온에서의 허혈과 중등도 저체온법을 사용하며 심근 보호액의 간헐적 주입을 병행하는 일반 심장 수술에서 허혈 전처치가 심근 보호에 미치는 효과를 비교하기 위해 실험을 진행하였다. 대상 및 방법： $25^{\circ}C$에서 St. Thomas hospital 심근 보호액을 사용한 경우와 상온에서 심근 보호액 없이 허혈을 받은 경우 각각에서 허혈 전처치의 효과를 비교하였다. 모든군의 심장을 20분간 $37^{\circ}C$의 Krebs 용액으로 관류시키고, 제1군은(n=6)은 허혈 전처치로 $37^{\circ}C$에서 3분간의 허혈 및 5분간 재관류를 두 차례 받은 후, $4^{\circ}C$의 심근 보호액을 20분마다 반복해 주입하며 120분간 $25^{\circ}C$의 중등도 저체온 상태를 유지하였다. 제2군(n=6)은 제1군에 대한 대조군으로 허혈 전처치를 하지 않은 상태에서 역시 120분간 $25^{\circ}C$상태를 유지하며 20분마다 심근 보호액을 반복해 주었다. 제1, 2군 모두 허혈기가 끝난 후 $37^{\circ}C$의 Krebs 용액으로 30분간 재관류하며 결과를 측정하였다(제1, 2군： 저온 심근 보호액군). 상온에서의 허혈군으로 $37^{\circ}C$를 유지하며 전반적 허혈을 받은 두 군을 설정하였다. 제3군(n=6)은 3분 허혈, 5분 재관류로 허혈 전처치 후 $37^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 허혈 상태를 유지 후 30분간 재관류하였고, 제4군(n=6)은 제3군에 대한 대조군으로 허혈 전처치 없이 30분간 허혈 후 30분간 재관류하며 결과를 측정하였다(제3, 4군: 상온 심정지군). 결과: 저온 심근 보호액 군에서는 허혈전처치를 시행 후 심근 보호액을 주입한 군(제1군)과 허혈 전처치 없이 심근 보호액을 주입한 대조군(제2군)의 비교에서 관상동맥 관류량, 심박동수, 좌심실내압, 좌심실압과 맥박수를 곱한 값, 좌심실압 순간 변화율 및 CPK, LDH의 비교 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 볼 수 없었다(p=NS). 상온 심정지 군에서는 허혈 전처치 후 $37^{\circ}C$에서 허혈을 유지한 군(제3군)과 허혈 전처치 없이 허혈을 유지한 대조군(제4군)의 비교에서 허혈 전처치를 시행한 군이 좌심실 수축기압, 좌심실압과 맥박수를 곱한값, 좌심실 이완기압, 좌심실압 순간 변화율 등이 허혈 전처치를 시행치 않은 군보다 유의하게 호전되었고 CPK, LDH의 변화에서도 유의한 차이를 보여 허혈 전처치가 심근의 기능적 회복 및 심근 보호에 효과가 있음을 보았다(p<0.05). 결론: 이상의 결과에서 쥐의 심장을 이용한 실험 시 허혈 전처치가 상온에서의 심근 허혈과 재관류 시에는 심근기능 회복에 효과가 있으나 중등도 저체온법과 간헐적 심근 보호액의 주입 하에서 시행한 심장의 재관류에는 심근보호 효과가 없음을 보았다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.242-254
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• 2003

배경: 상온에서 단기간의 심근 허혈이 가해질 때 허혈 전처치가 심근기능의 보호에 효과가 있다는 사실은 어느 정도 증명되었지만 저온의 심근 보호액을 이용하여 심장을 정지시킨 후 $25^{\circ}C$의 중등도 저체온 상태에서 간헐적으로 심근 보호액을 주인하며 장시간 허혈 상태에 노출시키는 일반적인 심장수술을 시행하는 경우에 허혈 전처치가 효과가 있는지에 대해서는 연구가 부족한 상태이며 또한 연구결과에 따라 많은 이견이 있다. 본 실험에서는 상온에서의 허혈과 중등도 저체온법을 사용하며 심근보호액의 간헐적 주입을 병행하는 일반 심장 수술에서 허혈 전처치가 심근 보호에 미치는 효과를 비교하기 위해 실험을 진행하였다. 대상 및 방법: $25^{\circ}C$에서 St. Thomas hospital 심근 보호액을 사용한 경우와 상온에서 심근 보호액 없이 허혈을 받은 경우 각각에서 허혈 전처치의 효과를 비교하였다. 모든 군의 심장을 20분간 37$^{\circ}C$의 Krebs 용액으로 관류시키고, 제1군은(n=6)은 허혈 전처치로 37$^{\circ}C$에서 3분간의 허혈 및 5분간 재관류를 두 차례 받은 후, 4$^{\circ}C$의 심근 보호액을 20분마다 반복해 주입하며 120분간 $25^{\circ}C$의 중등도 저체온 상태를 유지하였다. 제2군(n=6)은 제1군에 대한 대조군으로 허혈 전처치를 하지 않은 상태에서 역시 120분간 $25^{\circ}C$상태를 유지하며 20분마다 심근 보호액을 반복해 주었다. 제1, 2군 모두 허혈기가 끝난 후 37$^{\circ}C$의 Krebs 용액으로 30분간 재관류하며 결과를 측정하였다(제1, 2군:저온 심근 보호액군).상온에서의 허혈군으로 37$^{\circ}C$를 유지하며 전반적 허혈을 받은 두 군을 설정하였다. 제3군(n=6)은 3분 허혈, 5분 재관류로 허혈 전처치 후 37$^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 허혈 상태를 유지 후 30분간 재관류하였고, 제4군(n=6)은 제3군에 대한 대조군으로 허혈 전처치 엄이 30분간 허혈 후 30분간 재관류하며 결과를 측정하였다(제3, 4군: 상온 심정지군). 걸과: 저온 심근 보호액 군에서는 허혈전처치를 시행 후 심근 보호액을 주입한 군(제1군)과 허혈 전처치 없이 심근 보호액을 주입한 대조군(제2군)의 비교에서 관상동맥 관류량, 심박동수, 좌심실내압, 좌심실압과 맥박수를 곱한 값, 좌심실압순간 변화율 및 CPK, LDH의 비교 모두에서 총계적으로 유의한 차이를 볼 수 없었다(p=NS). 상온 심정지 군에서는 허혈 전처치 후 37$^{\circ}C$에서 허혈을 유지한 군(제3군)과 허혈 전처치 없이 허혈을 유지한 대조군(제4군)의 비교에서 허혈 전처치를 시행한 군이 좌심실 수축기압, 좌심실압과 맥박수를 곱한 값, 좌심실 이완기압, 좌심실압 순간 변화율 등이 허혈 전처치를 시행치 않은 군보다 유의하게 호전되었고 CPK, LDH의 변화에서도 유의한 차이를 보여 허혈 전처치가 심근의 기능적 회복 및 심근 보호에 효과가 있음을 보았다(p<0.05). 결론: 이상의 결과에서 쥐의 심장을 이용한 실험 시 허혈 전처치가 상온에서의 심근 허혈과 재관류 시에는 심근기능 회복에 효과가 있으나 중등도 저체온법과 간헐적 심근 보호액의 주입 하에서 시행한 심장의 재관류에는 심근보호 효과가 없음을 보았다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2016

Stress induced cardiomyopathy (SC) is characterized by transient left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease. We report on a patient with panhypopituitarism who developed SC resulting from withdrawal of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). A 52-year-old male visited our hospital for progressively worsening dyspnea. The patient had discontinued HRT 7 days ago, which had been administered for 18 months after transsphenoidal adenomectomy for pituitary macroadenoma. Initial electrocardiogram showed marked sinus bradycardia. Transthoracic echocardiography showed apical ballooning with an LV ejection fraction of 25%. No significant obstructive lesions were observed on coronary angiography. With a clinical diagnosis of SC associated with panhypopituitarism, HRT was restarted, including glucocorticoid and thyroxine, along with standard heart failure management. His LV function had normalized at 2-month follow-up. He remains asymptomatic and administration of beta-blocker and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor were discontinued He currently only requires HRT.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.98-102
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• 2003

Patients in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and chronic renal failure present a number of challenges to the anesthesiologist. They may be chronically iii and debilitated and have the potential for multiorgan dysfunction. A 65-year-old male patient with ESRD was scheduled for oral cancer surgery under general anesthesia. He was in regular hemodialysis three times a week and secondary hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy was accompanied. He also had chronic metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia. The day after hemodialysis, general anesthesia was carried out. Uneventful anesthetic induction using thiopental and vecuronium and nasotracheal intubation were carried out. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane for 9 hours. During the anesthesia, he did not have any problem but persistently increasing serum potassium level. After anesthetic emergence, he was transferred to intensive care unit for mechanical ventilation. So we report this successful case of anesthetic management in a patient with ESRD for oral cancer surgery, which massive bleeding and long anesthetic time were inevitable in, from the preoperative preparation to anesthetic emergence.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.533-541
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• 1995

We recently developed a new model of moving actuator type totally implantable artificial heart[TIAH , based on the reverse position of the aortic and pulmonary conduits. This concept was proposed by one of surgeons in our team[Joon-Ryang Rho, M.D. to facilitate anatomical fitting of TIAHs. The moving actuator type electromechanical TIAH consisted of the left and right blood sacs, and the moving actuator including a motor. The inverted umbrella type polyurethane valves were used in the blood pumps. The aortic conduit was positioned anterior to the pulmonary conduit, which was the opposite relation to the conventional configuration of other total artificial hearts. We also adapted slip-in connectors for the aortic and pulmonary conduits. Two sheep , weighing 60-69 kg, were used for implantation. After small cervical incision and trans-sternal bilateral thoracotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB was administered using an American Optical 5-head pump and a membrane oxygenator[Univox-IC, Bentley . The anterior and posterior vena cavae were drained separately for venous return. An arterial return cannula was inserted into the right common carotid artery. During CPB, almost all of the ventricular myocardium was excised down to the atrioventricular groove and the artificial heart was implanted. We achieved 3-day survival in the first sheep and 2-day survival in the second. The day after operation the first sheep was successfully extubated and the second sheep was weaned from a respirator with good condition. After extubation, the first sheep walked around in the cage and fed herself. Serial laboratory and hemodynamic examinations were done during the experiments. In both sheep, pulmonary dysfunction was gradually developed, which was accompanied by acute renal failure. The animals were sacrificed and autopsy was done. Unexpected pregnnacy was incidentally found in both sheep. To our knowledge this is the first report of significant survival cases in the orthotopic implantation of electric TIAH using sheep.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.285-289
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• 2017

Pheochromocytoma can present with various symptoms including cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. Particularly, in cases of cardiogenic shock of unknown origin, pheochromocytoma should be considered. A 20-year-old woman without any medical history visited our emergency department due to nausea, vomiting, headache, and chest pain. Echocardiography revealed severe left ventricular dysfunction. Mechanical ventilation and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) were implemented owing to her unstable vital signs. For unstable vital sign and cardiogenic shock in a young woman without any previous medical history, pheochromocytoma was considered and diagnosed based on elevated levels of catecholamine derivatives in a 24-hour urine sample. Cardiac function recovered and ECMO was discontinued on the 5th day of hospitalization. She later underwent an elective adrenalectomy and no recurrence was found during the follow-up period. We reported a case of pheochromocytoma which was presented with cardiogenic shock in a young woman with no concomitant disease, and successfully treated with ECMO followed by an elective adrenalectomy.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1107-1112
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• 1995

Between December 1993 and December 1994, fifty-eight percent of the mitral valve patients[33/57 had undergone mitral valve repair. Their mean age was 49[SD-16 years[range 11 - 75 and they were consisted with 15 males and 18 females. The causes of mitral disease in 33 patients were classified as follows: 19 cases[58% were degenerative, 9[27% were rheumatic, 3[9% were congenital and 2[6% were infectious. Carpentier`s functional classification was consisted with Class I 4 cases[12% , II 25 [76% and III 4 [12% . Surgical techniques included prosthetic annuloplasty in 32 cases[97% , leaflet resection in 16[48% , chorda shortening in 13[39% , chorda transfer in 9[27% , new chorda formation in 7[21% , commissurotomy in 7[21% , leaflet mobilization in 4[12% , chorda resection in 3[9% , papillary muscle splitting in 2[6% , cleft repair in 2[6% , leaflet patching in 1[3% and vegetation removal in 1[3% . Average number of mitral anatomical lesions per patient was 3.3 and We used average 3.0 procedures upon mitral valve apparatus per patient. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was carried out in 27 patients[82% for providing an immediate and accurate assessment of the adequacy of the reconstruction before closure of the chest. Operative mortality was absent. The mean functional class[NYHA was 2.87 preoperative and improved to 1.03 postoperatively. Postoperative Doppler echocardiography showed much improvement from grade II MR[5 , grade III[5 , grade IV[21 to no MR[26 , only trace MR[3 , grade III MR[2 . Postoperative mean mitral valve area was 2.4$\pm$0.6cm2[range 1.5 - 4.0 . We conclude that cautiously evaluated mitral valve reconstruction is stable and predictable operation with minimal postoperative left ventricular dysfunction.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.70-81
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• 1988

From January 1962 to March 1987, 97 patients underwent operation for mitral valve disease. Of these patients, 61 [62.9%] required mitral valve replacement. Thirty-six patients [37.1%] had mitral valve repair. The mean age was 26.9*11.6 years [range 5 months to 48 years]. There were 32 [88.9%] cases of rheumatic valve disease, 4 [11.1%] cases of congenital mitral valve disease. Valve dysfunction was classified into three types: type I [normal leaflet motion], 6 patients; type II [prolapsed leaflet], 1 patient; type III [restricted leaflet motion], 29 patients. Twenty-nine patients [80.6%] had pure or predominant stenosis and 7[19.4%] had pure regurgitation. No patient was in NYHA functional class I. Three patients [16.7%] were in functional class II, 15[83.3%] were in functional class II. The techniques used included closed mitral commissurotomy [16 patients], open mitral commissurotomy [13 patients], localized Wooler type annuloplasty [4 patients], suture repair of leaflet defect [3 patients], chordal shortening [1 patient], Carpentier ring annuloplasty [1 patient], and fenestration of fused chordae [1 patient]. There were two perioperative deaths [5.6%], related to left ventricular failure and reoperation. The survivors were followed up for 94 patient-years [mean 4.68*5.54 years]. One late death [1.1*1.1% per patient-year] occurred and was valve related. Reoperation was required in 3 patients, of whom 2 were deaths. There was 1 case [1.1*1.1% per patient-year] of thromboembolism. No patient received anticoagulant after operation. At 10 year, 92*7.4% of the patients were still alive. The actuarial survival rate of patients free of valve-related complication was 79*6.4% at 6 years, 27*12.1% at 11 years. After surgery, 18 patients [88.9%] were in NYHA functional class I or II.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.482-489
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• 2020

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) has been considered as a potential target for the treatment of heart failure as it has been reported to be an important regulator of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. To discover novel scaffolds that selectively inhibit GRK5, we have identified a novel small molecule inhibitor of GRK5, KR-39038 [7-((3-((4-((3-aminopropyl)amino)butyl)amino)propyl)amino)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-fluoroquinazolin-4(3H)-one]. KR-39038 exhibited potent inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ value=0.02 µM) against GRK5 and significantly inhibited angiotensin II-induced cellular hypertrophy and HDAC5 phosphorylation in neonatal cardiomyocytes. In the pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy mouse model, the daily oral administration of KR-39038 (30 mg/kg) for 14 days showed a 43% reduction in the left ventricular weight. Besides, KR-39038 treatment (10 and 30 mg/kg/day, p.o.) showed significant preservation of cardiac function and attenuation of myocardial remodeling in a rat model of chronic heart failure following coronary artery ligation. These results suggest that potent GRK5 inhibitor could effectively attenuate both cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in experimental heart failure, and KR-39038 may be useful as an effective GRK5 inhibitor for pharmaceutical applications.