• Applied Microscopy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.56-76
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• 1993

To investigate the histogenesis of tracheal epithelium in Sprague-Dawley strain rat, the author has used the fetal rats at the 16th, 18th, 20th and 22nd prenatal day and neonatal rats at the 1st and 7th day as well as rats at age of 5, 10 and 15 weeks after birth as experimental animals. Specimens were double stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate for electron microscopic study. The results obtained were as follows; 1. At the 16th day of gestational age, ciliated cells were found in tracheal epithelium and light and dark ciliated cells possessing numerous mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm at the 22nd day of gestational age of the rat are observed. 2. At the 16th day of gestataional age, basal cells lying upon the basement membrane and having large numbers of glycogen particles in the cytoplasm, were found and at the 22nd day of gestational age, basal cells possessing numerous polysomes in the cytoplasm were observed. 3. At the 20th gestational age of the rat, microvillous cells possessing many rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria as well as microvilli protruding into the lumen were found in tracheal epithelium. 4. At the 5th week after birth brush cell having profound filamentous strands and many pinocytic vesicles in the cytoplasm, was visible in the tracheal epithelium. 5. At the 15th week after birth large proportions of tracheal epithelium were lined with ciliated cells. Cosequently it is suggested that pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium was differentiated at the 16th day of gestational age, in addition cytoplasmic organelles of the microvillous and basal cells were matured at the 20th and 22nd gestational age, respectively and most of the part of the tracheal epithelium was lined with ciliated cells at the 15th week after birth.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-55
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• 1993

cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (cis-Platin), a metallic compound, has widely been used as an effective anticancer chemotherapeutic agent. The precise mechanism of action of this agent is still unknown, but it is postulated that cis-Platin may act on the cancer cell like bifunctional alkylating agents. Although this agent is very beneficial to the patients with cervical cancer, germinoma of testis, neuroblastoma and others, it may also damage to the normal cell so that many side effects; severe hemorrhagic enterocolitis, bone marrow depression, renal damage and liver damage will develope. This experiment has been undertaken to pursue the cytotoxic effects of the cis-Platin on the ultrastructures of the interalveolar septum in the mouse lung. A total of 55 healthy male mice of ICR strain were used as experimental animals and divided into 5 mice of normal control group and 50 mice of cis-Platin treated group. The mice of cis-Platin treated group were sacrificed by carotid exsanguination at 6, 12, 24 hours, 3 days and 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of 6.0 mg of cis-Platin ($Abiplatin^R$ Abic Co. Ltd.) per kg of mouse body weight. The specimen obtained from the lower lobe of left lung were sliced into $1mm^3$ and prefixed with 2% glutaraldehyde -2.5% paraformaldehyde solution prepared with Millonig's phosphatae buffer solution (pH 7.4) at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3-4 hours. After postfixation with 1% osmium tetroxide solution all specimens were embedded in Epon 812. Ultrathin sections about $600-800{\AA}$ in thickness were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and observed with Hitachi-600 electron microscope. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Local swellings with increase of electron density and number of pinocytic vesicles in the cytoplasms of the type I pneumocyte and endothelial cell of the blood air barrier in interalveolar septum of cis-platin treated mice were observed. 2. Cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum were dilated and sacculated in association with detachment of membrane bound ribosomes of the type II pneumocyte in interalveolar septum of cis-Platin treated mice. 3. Swollon mitochondria with uneven electron density of their matrix were observed in the type II pneumocyte of interalveolar septum in the cis-Platin treated mice. 4. The lamellae of lammelar bodies in type II pneumocyte of interalveolar septum in cis-Platin treated mice were devoided or transformed into homogeneous electron dense material. It is consequently suggested that cis-Platin would induce the cellular edema of type I pneumocyte and endothelial cell, and degenerative changes of cytoplasmic organelles of the type II pneumocyte in the interalveolar septum of the mouse lung.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to develope a fishing technology for fisheries management for improving the survival rate of young fishes escaped from trawl net. Sea experiments were carried out to investigate the survival rate of the fishes in off Geomun island and Korean southern sea. Cover-net fish cage was designed and manufactured to collect fishes escaped from COD(codend) and TED(trawl escapement device). Fish cage was installed in a shallow site where scuba diver can observe the surviving fishes after separating the cage from trawl net. Most of fishes except horse mackerel(Trachurus japonicus) and mackerel(Scomber japonicus) could escaped through TED(bar space 35mm) easier than COD(mesh size 54mm). Especially, escapement rate of redlip croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) escaped from TED was the highest as 73.9%. Survival rate of horse mackerel(Trachurus japonicus) escaped from TED was 85.5% at the point of 96 hours over, while the survival rate for COD showed a rapid decrease according to the time elapse as 85.0% at the point of 24 hours, 76.4% for 48 hours, 62.7% for 72 hours and 56.1% for 96 hours. Over 90% of red seabream(Pagrus major) and rock bream(Oplegnathus fasciatus) escaped from TED were survived 96 hours over and the survival rate of those fishes were excellent compared with the other fish species. All korean pomfret(Pampus echinogaster) escaped from both COD and TED were died within 48 hours. Most of redlip croaker(Pseudosciaena polyactis) were also died within 12 hours because of the weak physiological characteristics by water pressure change. Survival rate of fishes like as horse mackerel(Trachurus japonicus) having hard skin was high while it was low for the fishes like as squid(Todarodes pacificus) and hair-tail(Trichiurus lepturus) having soft skin. We could know that there were big differences in the survival rate offish species escaped from trawl net.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.536-540
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to develop a method to prolong the freshness and maintain the quality of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). The rate of weight loss increased with storage time for all samples, but the rates were lower in the 1-MCP treated samples than in the control samples. The hardness of muskmelons treated with 1-MCP differed significantly from that of the controls. The soluble solid contents in the control were highest on day 4 at 15.1%, and evidenced a decreasing trend as the storage period elapsed. Conversely, the soluble solid contents of the 1-MCP-treated samples remained steady at 14% until day 16. The acidity of 1-MCP-treated samples was higher than that of the control over 10 days of storage. The respiration rate of the 1-MCP-treated samples increased less and was lower than that of the controls. Based on the results of our sensory evaluation, muskmelon treated with 1-MCP gas remained fresh for more than 25 days, whereas the control samples remained fresh for only 13 days.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 2010

Purpose: Difference of refraction result from the method of autorefraction and iTrace were investigaged for the children of elementary school in Asan City. In iTrace method. exclusion of accommodation without cycloplegia was used. Methods: Manifest refractive stale of 42 eyes of 12~13 years old were measured using autorefractor and iTrace. Refractions of far (more than 5 m) and ncar (30 cm) vision were measured using iTrace. All data showed that the spherical equivalent were classified as being in the group 1 (-0.50D < ~ < +1.00D) and 2 (below -0.50D) according 10 refractive errors. Results: Mean spherical equivalent using autorefractor and iTrace (far and near vision) were -1.08D, -0.29D and -2.34D, respectively (p<0.01). Compared with the far vision using iTrace, autorefraction was measured the myopia with -0.50D ~ -1.00D in 52.4% of total eyes. Autorefraction also statistical significant were measured a more myopia than the far vision using iTrace in group I and 2. Conclusions: The difference of refractive errors between autorefraction and iTrace, objective refraction were measured with far vision of more than 5 m were -0.79D. Autoreftaction showed statistically decreased refraction errors than iTrace with far vision.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the growth response of earthworm (Eisenia foetida) in cow manure added Cadmium (Cd) and therefore, to estimate the toxic threshold level of Cadmium and the levels of Cadmium in cow manure for obtain-ing the maximum Cadmium-concentration enable to accumulate in earthworm tis-sue. Seven different concentrations of Cadmium added in cow manure were 0 (control), 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 mg/kg, respectively. Survival rate (SR), mean fresh weight of adult worm at final time ($FW_2$), increasing rate (IR), number of cocoon (NC), number of young worm (NY) and residual matter (RW) were not significantly different among Cadmium concentrations in cow manure. Of the measured growth-characteristics, survival rate (SR) had a significantly positive correlation (p<0.001) with number of cocoon (NC). But mean fresh weight of adult worm at final time ($FW_2$) had a significantly negative correlation (p<0.05) with residual matter of cow manure. The maximum Cadmium concentration accumulated in tissue was ranged from 283.8 mg/kg to 396.2 mg/kg. It was obtained at the level of 956.5 mg/kg and 1116.6 mg/kg in cow manure added Cadmium, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.485-500
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• 2018

The behavior of cement-based permeation grouting is divided into three different groups depending on the grain size distribution of the soils: (1) zone of cement-based permeation grouting not feasible; (2) zone of cement-based permeation grouting feasible; and (3) zone in which an accelerating agent should be added to limit the penetration depth. In the cement-based permeation grouting feasible zone, the concept of a representative pore radius was proposed. The ratios of the representative pore radius to the mean pore radius were obtained by performing laboratory test and comparing with clogging theory; these values were in the range of 1.07 and 1.35 depending on the grain size distribution of the soils. In addition, a functional relationship between the lumped parameter (${\theta}$), the representative pore radius and the w/c ratio were derived by comparing and matching experimental results with predictions from theory. In the zone in which the accelerating agent should be added, the controlling process of gel time to limit the penetration depth was experimentally verified. The test results matched well with those obtained from theory utilizing the developed grout penetration program on condition that the viscosity increasing tendency of grout suspension with time is properly taken into account.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 2007

66 micropollutants analyses in 9 wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) along Nak-dong river were implemented to identify the concentrations and removal efficiencies before and after treatment processes. As a result of study, the concentration levels discharged from WWTP effluents to water system were below the water quality criteria and the levels of other studies. The removal efficiencies were 84.6%(DAF/CCR) and 81.6%(AC) for 1,4-dioxane. Phenol, Clphs and PAHs were removed 94.6%, 66.4% and 80.6% respectively by the activated sludge(AS) process. The removal efficiencies of Clbzs were 45.3% for the activated sludge(AS) process and 60.6% for the activated carbon(AC) process. However, other processes besides AS and AC, the removal efficiencies of Clbzs were very low(<20%). The sand filtration(SF) process that could remove particle matters showed the best efficiency for PCDDs / Fs removal$(\geq99%)$. However, in case of relatively low PCDDs/Fs concentration level in influent, the removal efficiency was not so high$(\leq50%)$.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.405-411
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• 2006

Epinastine is an antiallergic drug effective for bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and dermatitis. Epinastine is topically active, direct H1-receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of the release of histamine from the mast cell. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two epinastine hydrochloride tablets, Alesion Tablet (Boehringer Ingelheim Korea Ltd.) and S-napine tablet 10 mg(Sam Chun Dang Pharm. Co., Ltd), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA). The release of epinastine from the two epinastine formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media(pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty six healthy male subjects, $23.35{\pm}1.57$ years in age and $66.29{\pm}10.61kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After two tablets containing 20 mg as epinastine hydrochloride was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of epinastine in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t.\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, Alesion tablet, were 1.50, 1.46 and -13.48% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25(e.g., log 0.95$\sim$log 1.12 and log 0.93$\sim$log 1.10 for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating S-napine tablet 10 mg was bioequivalent to Alesion tablet.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2020

Considering the difficulties associated with the creation of deterioration maps for stone cultural heritages, quantitative determination of chemical and biological contaminants in them is still challenging. Hyperspectral image analysis has been proposed to overcome this drawback. In this study, hyperspectral imaging was performed on Stone Buddhas Temple in Four Directions at Gulbulsa Temple Site(Treasure 121), and several surface contaminants were observed. Based on the color and shape, these chemical and biological contaminants were classified into ten categories. Additionally, a method for establishing each class as a reference image was suggested. Simultaneously, with the help of Spectral Angle Mapper algorithm, two classification methods were used to classify the surface contaminants. Method A focused on the region of interest, while method B involved the application of the spectral library prepared from the image. Comparison of the classified images with the reference image revealed that the accuracies and kappa coefficients of methods A and B were 52.07% and 63.61%, and 0.43 and 0.55, respectively. Additionally, misclassified pixels were distributed in the same contamination series.