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An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Human/Posthuman Discourses Emerging From Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence Technology (4차 산업혁명 시대의 사이버네틱스와 휴먼·포스트휴먼에 관한 인문학적 지평 연구)

  • Kim, Dong-Yoon
    • Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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    • v.24 no.5
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    • pp.836-848
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    • 2019
  • This paper aims at providing a critical view over the cybernetics theory especially of first generation on which the artificial intelligence heavily depends nowadays. There has been a commonly accepted thought that the conception of artificial intelligence could not has been possible without being influenced by N. Wiener's cybernetic feedback based information system. Despite the founder of contemporary cybernetics' ethical concerns in order to avoid an increasing entropy phenomena(social violence, economic misery, wars) produced through a negative dynamics of the western modernity regarded as the most advanced form of humanism. In this civilizationally changing atmosphere, the newly born cybernetic technology was thus firmly believed as an antidote to these vices deeply rooted in humanism itself. But cybernetics has been turned out to be a self-organizing, self-controlling mechanical system that entails the possibility of telegraphing human brain (which are transformed into patterns) through the uploading of human brain neurons digitalized by the artificial intelligence embedded into computing technology. On this background emerges posthuman (or posthumanism) movement of which concepts have been theorized mainly by its ardent apostles like N. K. Hayles, Neil Bedington, Laurent Alexandre, Donna J. Haraway. The converging of NBIC Technologies leading to the opening of a much more digitalizing society has served as a catalyst to promote the posthuman representations and different narratives especially in the contemporary visual arts as well as in the study of humanities including philosophy and fictional literature. Once Bruno Latour wrote "Modernity is often defined in terms of humanism, either as a way of saluting the birth of 'man' or as a way of announcing his death. But this habit is itself modern, because it remains asymmetrical. It overlooks the simultaneous birth of 'nonhumaniy' - things, or objects, or beasts, - and the equally strange beginning of a crossed-out God, relegated to the sidelines."4) These highly suggestive ideas enable us to better understand what kind of human beings would emerge following the dazzlingly accelerating advancement of artificial intelligence technology. We wonder whether or not this newly born humankind would become essentially Homo Artificialis as a neuronal man stripping off his biological apparatus. However due to this unprecedented situation humans should deal with enormous challenges involving ethical, metaphysical, existential implications on their life.

Protective Effect of Green Tea Extract on Amyloid $\beta$ peptide-induced Neurotoxicity (아밀로이드베타 펩타이드 유도성 신경세포독성에 대한 녹차 추출물의 보호 효과)

  • Kim, Young-In;Park, Jeong-Yoon;Choi, Soo-Jung;Kim, Jae-Kyeom;Jeong, Chang-Ho;Choi, Sung-Gil;Lee, Seung-Cheol;Cho, Sung-Hwan;Heo, Ho-Jin
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.15 no.5
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    • pp.743-748
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    • 2008
  • Amyloid $\beta$ peptide ($A{\beta}$) is known to increase oxidative stress in nerve cells, leading to apoptosis that is characterized by free radical formation and lipid peroxidation. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by large deposits of $A{\beta}$ in the brain. In our study, neuronal protective effects of green tea, along with water activity (0.813), and leaf storage periods (fresh leaf, or leaf stored for up to 4 weeks) were investigated. We measured protective effects against $A{\beta}$-induced cytotoxicity in neuron-like PC12 cells. Powdered green tea was extracted with distilled water at $70^{\circ}C$ for 5 min, and this extract was freeze-dried and stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until use. In cell viability assays using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), the fresh extract, and that obtained after 1 week of leaf storage, showed the best protective effects against $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity. As oxidative stress causes membrane breakdown, the protective effect of green tea extracts was investigated using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and trypan blue exclusion assays. LDH release into the medium was inhibited (by 20-25%) in all tests. In addition, all green tea extracts (fresh, or stored before extraction for up to 4 weeks) showed better cell protective effects ($93.3{\pm}1.8-96.2{\pm}2.4$) than did vitamin C ($91.0{\pm}1.6$), used as a positive control. The results suggest that effectiveness of green tea extracts falls with prolonged leaf storage.

Study on the Influence of Ca and Mg Saturation Ratios of Soil on the Uptake of Ca, Mg, and K by Rice Plant (답토양(畓土壤)의 Ca, Mg 포화비(飽和比)가 수도(水稻)의 Ca, Mg, K의 흡수(吸收)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Jeong, Y.G.;Hong, J.W.;Ha, H.S.
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.115-121
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    • 1987
  • A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of Ca and Mg saturation ratios of soil on the uptake of Ca, Mg and K by rice plant. A silty loam soil was treated with $CaCl_2$ and $MgCl_2$ to obtain different degrees of Ca and Mg saturation. The studied ranges of Ca and Mg saturation ratios were 81:19, 70:30, 52:48, 55:45, and 31:69 in terms of the ratio of exchangeable Ca and Mg. Two levels of K application (90kg/ha, and 180kg/10a as $K_2O$) were also included in this study. The significant observation were summarized as follows. 1. When the Ca saturation of soil was dominant over Mg, the soil solution contained more Ca than Mg and vice versa. These led to the higher uptake of Ca by rice plant in Ca dominant soils and higher uptake of Mg in Mg dominant soils. 2. When the Ca and Mg saturation ratio was about equal, more Mg was released to soil solution leading to higher concentration of Mg in rice plant compare to that of Ca. 3. A trend was observed that the concentration of K in soil solution was lower in Mg dominant soils than in Ca dominant soils. This also resulted in the depressed uptake of K by rice plant under Mg dominant system when compare to Ca dominant system. 4. The increase application of K led to the increase in relative concentration of K to (Ca+Mg+K), and to the depression of divalent uptake by rice plant. However, it was observed that the degree of depression in uptake divalent by K application was more sensitive in case of Mg than that of Ca. 5. When viewed from grain yield of rice, it is pointed out that the optimum range of Ca to Mg ratio in soil may fall in the vicinity of 7:3. 6. Although K uptake by rice plant was influenced by the term of $AK^+/{\sqrt{A(Ca^{{+}{+}}+Mg^{{+}{+}})$ in soil solution, $AK^+$ itself was affected by the ratios of Ca:Mg in soil, as it were $AK^+$ value was decreased in Mg dominant soil than in Ca.

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Effect and mechanism of chitosan-based nano-controlled release system on the promotion of cell cycle progression gene expression (키토산 기반 나노방출제어시스템의 세포주기진행 유전자 발현 증진 효과 및 기전)

  • Lee, Won Joong;Park, Kwang Man;Lee, sungbok Richard;Hwang, Yu Jeong;Lee, Suk Won
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.59 no.4
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    • pp.379-394
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    • 2021
  • Purpose. In our previous studies, application of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to gingival fibroblasts or to canine palatal soft tissue was verified to alter the expression of several genes responsible for cell cycle progression. In order to confirm this effect in a system allowing sequential release of TCA and epidermal growth factor (EGF), expression of various cell cycle genes following the application of the agents, using hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan (HGC)-based nano-controlled release system, was explored in this study. Materials and methods. HGC-based nano-controlled release system was developed followed by loading TCA and EGF. The groups were defined as the control (CON); TCA-loaded nano-controlled release system (EXP1); TCA- and EGF- individually loaded nano-controlled release system (EXP2). At 24- and 48 hr culture, expression of 37 cell cycle genes was analyzed in human gingival fibroblasts. Correlations and the influential genes were also analyzed. Results. Numerous genes such as cyclins (CCNDs), cell division cycles (CDCs), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), E2F transcription factors (E2Fs), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and other cell cycle genes were significantly up-regulated in EXP1 and EXP2. Also, cell cycle arrest genes of E2F4, E2F5, and GADD45G were up-regulated but another cell cycle arrest gene SMAD4 was down-regulated. From the multiple regression analysis, CCNA2, CDK4, and ANAPC4 were determined as the most influential factors on the expression of ERK genes. Conclusion. Application of TCA and EGF, using the HGC-based nano-controlled sequential release system significantly up-regulated various cell cycle progression genes, leading to the possibility of regenerating oral soft tissue via application of the proposed system.

Validation of Satellite Scatterometer Sea-Surface Wind Vectors (MetOp-A/B ASCAT) in the Korean Coastal Region (한반도 연안해역에서 인공위성 산란계(MetOp-A/B ASCAT) 해상풍 검증)

  • Kwak, Byeong-Dae;Park, Kyung-Ae;Woo, Hye-Jin;Kim, Hee-Young;Hong, Sung-Eun;Sohn, Eun-Ha
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.42 no.5
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    • pp.536-555
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    • 2021
  • Sea-surface wind is an important variable in ocean-atmosphere interactions, leading to the changes in ocean surface currents and circulation, mixed layers, and heat flux. With the development of satellite technology, sea-surface winds data retrieved from scatterometer observation data have been used for various purposes. In a complex marine environment such as the Korean Peninsula coast, scatterometer-observed sea-surface wind is an important factor for analyzing ocean and atmospheric phenomena. Therefore, the validation results of wind accuracy can be used for diverse applications. In this study, the sea-surface winds derived from ASCAT (Advanced SCATterometer) mounted on MetOp-A/B (METeorological Operational Satellite-A/B) were validated compared to in-situ wind measurements at 16 marine buoy stations around the Korean Peninsula from January to December 2020. The buoy winds measured at a height of 4-5 m from the sea surface were converted to 10-m neutral winds using the LKB (Liu-Katsaros-Businger) model. The matchup procedure produced 5,544 and 10,051 collocation points for MetOp-A and MetOp-B, respectively. The root mean square errors (RMSE) were 1.36 and 1.28 m s-1, and bias errors amounted to 0.44 and 0.65 m s-1 for MetOp-A and MetOp-B, respectively. The wind directions of both scatterometers exhibited negative biases of -8.03° and -6.97° and RMSE values of 32.46° and 36.06° for MetOp-A and MetOp-B, respectively. These errors were likely associated with the stratification and dynamics of the marine-atmospheric boundary layer. In the seas around the Korean Peninsula, the sea-surface winds of the ASCAT tended to be more overestimated than the in-situ wind speeds, particularly at weak wind speeds. In addition, the closer the distance from the coast, the more the amplification of error. The present results could contribute to the development of a prediction model as improved input data and the understanding of air-sea interaction and impact of typhoons in the coastal regions around the Korean Peninsula.

Christian Education for Human Spirit Transformation (인간 영의 변형을 위한 기독교교육)

  • Woo, Ji Yeon
    • Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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    • v.66
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    • pp.413-437
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    • 2021
  • Humans are created as spiritual beings that can relate to God. However, when a human spirit refuses to transform through confronting God, it experiences a crisis. A spiritual crisis results from disconnecting with God, who is the ultimate foundation, but we humans try to overcome such absence through accomplishments and efforts. In this technological age, the ethics issues of AI (Artificial Intelligence), robots, and cloning are related to anthropology. The development of the mind, heart, and logic cannot suggest a basis for destruction and confusion as much as the development of the world. In fact, education focused on the human mind cannot be considered holistic. Mind, together with thought, will, and belief, plays a crucial role in making choices and leading a human life. So it is actively studied in other domains other than Christian education. However, although the human spirit takes care of some territory of humanity, unlike the mind, it can neither be partial nor fragmentary. Instead, it manages the transformation that influences the core of human life. Therefore, Christian education must clearly concentrate on the spirit rather than on other human elements, intentionally concerning spiritual transformation through encounters with God. In other words, Christian education is the passage connecting a human spirit to God's presence at work, which enables us to understand the human being as a whole. For this, we must put our efforts to increase the chances of encountering God through Christian education. While "Encounter" requires both parties' interaction, "Transformation" stresses God as the main agent and His proactive nature. I also want to emphasize "worship" as the opportunity to communicate and experience God in our daily lives. By examining the preparation and the process of the spiritual transformation of humans, this paper would offer a theological foundation for continued transformation of the human spirit in the faith community, rather than personal experience or conviction.

The post-epic characteristics in Jan Lauwers' theatre -, and - (얀 라우어스(Jan Lauwers) 공연의 탈서사적 특징들 -<이사벨라의 방(Isabella's Room)>, <랍스터 가게(The Lobster Shop)>, <사슴의 집(Deer House)>을 중심으로-)

  • Nam, Jisoo
    • Journal of Korean Theatre Studies Association
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    • no.48
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    • pp.447-484
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    • 2012
  • This study aims to analyze the characteristics of post-epic theatre in the Belgian theatre director Jan Lauwers' trilogy titled in "Happy Face/Sad Face": (2004), (2006) and (2008). I regard that it played a very important junction for him to create his own theatrical style compared to earlier years. From this period, Lauwers has tried to create his original plays in order to concentrate the story of our era and has showed to combine a variety of media such as dance, installation, video, singing etc. In this context, I would like to study his own theatricality from the three perspectives of dramaturgy, directing and acting largely based on Hans-Thies Lehmann's theory of post-epic theatre, who pointed out the significance of Lauwer's theatrical leading role very early. First, from the dramaturgical point of view, we need to pay attention to the theme of translunary death; where the living and the dead coexist on the stage. In fact, death is the theme that Lauwers has been struggling to research for quite long time. In his trilogy, the dead never exits the stage. The dead, who is not a representative tragic character, even meddles the things among or with the living and provide comments to people. As a consequence, it happens to reduce a dramaturgical strong tension, leads depreciation of suspense and produces humanism in a way. This approach helps to create his unique comical theatrical atmosphere even though he deals with the contemporary tragic issues such as war, horror and death. Second, from the directing point of view, it is worth to take a look at the polyphonic strategy in terms to applying various media. Among all the things, the arts of dancing and singing in chorus are actively applied in Lauwer's trilogy. The dance is used in individual and microscopic way, on the other hand, singing shows collective and is a macroscopic quality. The dance is the representing media to show Lauwer's simultaneous microscopic mise-en-scene. While main plot takes place around the center-stage, actors perform a dance around the off-centered stage. Instead of exiting from the stage during the performance, the actors would continue dance -sometimes more like movements- around the off-centered stage. This not only describes the narrative, but also shows how each character is engaged to the main plot or incident, and how they look into it as a character. Its simultaneous microscopic mise-en-scene intends to function such as: showing a variety moments of lives, amplifying some moments or incidents, revealing character's emotion, creating illusionary theatrical atmosphere and so on. Meanwhile, singing simple lyrics and tunes are an example of the media to stimulate the audiences' catharsis. As the simple melody lingers in the audiences' mind, it ends up delivering a theatrical message or theme after the performance. This message would be transferred from the singing in chorus functions as a sort of leitmotive in order to make an impression to the audience. This not only richens their emotion but also creates an illusionary effect. Third, from the acting perspective, I'd like to point out the "detachment" aesthetic which Lehmann has pointed out. The actors never go deep into the drama by consistently doing recognize a theatrical illusion. The audience happens to pay attention to their presence through the actor's deliberate gesture, business, movement, rhythm, language, dance etc. The actors are against forming closed action by speaking in various languages or by revealing deliberately stage directions or acts, and by creating expressive mise-en-scene with multiple media. As a consequent, the stage can be transformed to not a metaphoric but a metonymic place. These actions are the ultimate intention for a direct effect to the audience. So to speak, Lauwers uses the anti-illusionary theatrical method: the scenes of fantastic death, interruption of singing and dance, speaking many kinds of languages, acting in detachment-status and so on. These strategies function to make cracks in spectators' desire who has a desire to construct a linear narrative. I'd like to say that it is the numerous potentiality to let the reality penetrate though and collide the reality with a fiction. By doing so, it induces for spectators to see the reality in the fiction. As Lehmann says, "when theatre presents itself as a sketch and not as a finished painting, the spectators are given the chance to feel their own presence, to reflect on it, and to contribute to the unfinished character themselves". In this sense the spectators can perform an objective criticism on our society and world in Lauwer's theatre because there are a number of gaps and cracks in his theatrical illusion where reality can penetrate. This is also the point that we can find out the artists' responsibility in this era of our being.

Relationship between Reactive Oxygen Species and Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Apoptosis Induction of Human Breast Adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 Cells by Ethanol Extract of Citrus unshiu Peel (진피 추출물에 의한 인간유방암 MDA-MB-231 세포의 apoptosis 유도에서 ROS 및 AMPK의 역할)

  • Kim, Min Yeong;HwangBo, Hyun;Ji, Seon Yeong;Hong, Su-Hyun;Choi, Sung Hyun;Kim, Sung Ok;Park, Cheol;Choi, Yung Hyun
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.410-420
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    • 2019
  • Citrus unshiu peel extracts possess a variety of beneficial effects, and studies on their anticancer activity have been reported. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this activity remain unclear. In the current study, the apoptotic effect of ethanol extract of C. unshiu peel (EECU) on human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells and related mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that the survival rate of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with EECU was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with the induction of apoptosis. EECU-induced apoptosis was associated with the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9, which initiate extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways, respectively, and caspase-3, a representative effect caspase. EECU suppressed the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins, leading to an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and proteolytic degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. EECU also enhanced the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, along with truncation of Bid. In addition, EECU activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, significantly weakened EECU-induced apoptosis and cell viability reduction. Furthermore, EECU promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which acted as upstream signals for AMPK activation as pretreatment of cells, with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine reversing both EECU-induced AMPK activation and apoptosis. Collectively, these findings suggest that EECU inhibits MDA-MB-231 adenocarcinoma cell proliferation by activating intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, which was mediated through ROS/AMPK-dependent pathways.

Composition and Development of Archival Content Service for Teaching-learning Materials (교수·학습자료용 기록정보 콘텐츠 서비스의 구성 및 개발)

  • Shim, Sungbo
    • The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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    • no.16
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    • pp.201-256
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    • 2007
  • Nowadays Korean main archives and manuscript repositories are planning to develop archival information service for students and teachers in their web sites. This study is aimed at discovering main issues of developing archival information service for students and teachers and finding a solution. The goal of archival information service for students and teachers is the promotion of use through launching service and the gradual growth of archival management program. The customer group is segmented into the students and teachers who are learning and teaching Korean history in classroom. As a result of analyzing curriculum and educational environment, the archival information must be developed into teaching-learning materials. And the processing archival information into archival content is needed. Consequently the character of archival information service for students and teachers is conceptualized as archival content service for teaching-learning materials. At every step of developing archival content service for teaching-learning materials, the next main points are considered and achieved. First, the strategy of customer-focused service must be the same from beginning to end. Second, the growth of traditional archival management(e.g. classification, description and finding aids) must be contributed. Third, the collaboration system leading by professional education staff must be organized. Fourth, the archival information must be related with teaching-learning activities. Fifth, the quality of content is more important than the quantity of it. Sixth, the networking with another agencies for cooperation must be considered.

The Introduction of archival science and the renovation of records Management(since 1999) (기록학의 도입과 기록관리혁신(1999년 이후))

  • Kim, Ik-Han
    • The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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    • no.15
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    • pp.67-93
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    • 2007
  • This article deals with the short history from 1999 to the present time, how the Korean record and archives management world had grown up, and what the development of the branch of records and archives studies resulted in. First of all, it is looked out upon the transition and feature of each initiative bodies of records management, containing the records producing body, records and archives management body, records and archives professional body, and civil society. As a result, this article points out the disequilibrium state of the records producing body and civil society, for all the growth of records and archives management institutions and records and archives professionals. During the time of establishing the law, the Korean records and archives management had been made a rapid progress by some part of the leading group being to Korean Records and Archives Service and the society of professionals. But it is estimated only the malformed development depending on the model of elites, although we could achieve the establishment of Korean Records and Archives Act. The condition of records and archives management of the Participation Government was distinguish from the state of former times, being driven up the renovation of records and archives management. The main power of the renovation was sought our by overcome of the elite model with the development of archival institutions and professionals extending wide range. Particularly professionals to accept the education of graduate school grew up in quantity and quality and then they let the pattern of the collaboration with archival institutions rake root in Korea. As The Road Map on the Renovation of National Records and Archives Management was made, the government put into practice, so the management of records and archives in Korea could take a step of steady and continuous growth. But the development of the records producing bodies and civil society is staying at the low level as yet. Accordingly it is expected to have the most important means that the professional instruction become to normalize and archivists who posted in public agencies after graduating professional education program discharge their duties. And each public agencies have to speed up to set up the institutions for records management including some archivists so that overcome the condition of underdevelopment as fast as possible.