• 제목/요약/키워드: Lead determination

검색결과 290건 처리시간 0.021초

Risk-informed design optimization method and application in a lead-based research reactor

  • Jiaqun Wang;Qianglong Wang;Jinrong Qiu;Jin Wang;Fang Wang;Yazhou Li
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제55권6호
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    • pp.2047-2052
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    • 2023
  • Risk-informed approach has been widely applied in the safety design, regulation, and operation of nuclear reactors. It has been commonly accepted that risk-informed design optimization should be used in the innovative reactor designs to make nuclear system highly safe and reliable. In spite of the risk-informed approach has been used in some advanced nuclear reactors designs, such as Westinghouse IRIS, Gen-IV sodium fast reactors and lead-based fast reactors, the process of risk-informed design of nuclear reactors is hardly to carry out when passive system reliability should be integrated in the framework. A practical method for new passive safety reactors based on probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) and passive system reliability analyze linking is proposed in this paper. New three-dimension frequency-consequence curve based on risk concept with three variables is used in this method. The proposed method has been applied to the determination optimization of design options selection in a 10 MWth lead-based research reactor(LR) to obtain one optimized system design in conceptual design stage, using the integrated reliability and probabilistic safety assessment program RiskA, and the computation resources and time consumption in this process was demonstrated reasonable and acceptable.

일부 자원자를 통한 납, 카드뮴의 다경로 인체 노출평가 (Human Multi-route Exposure Assessment of Lead and Cadmium for Korean Volunteers)

  • 오은하;임호섭;장재연;이은일
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제39권1호
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    • pp.53-58
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    • 2006
  • Objectives: We wanted to evaluate the main route of exposure to lead and cadmium for the general population in Korea by using multi-route and multi-media exposure assessment Methods: Samples of air at the homes, samples of the food and water and peripheral blood samples were collected from thirty volunteers living in Seoul (the metropolitan area), Yong-in (the suburban area) and Ansan (the industrial area) in 2001. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric methods were used for the determination of the Pb and Cd levels in the air, food, water and blood samples. Results: The average intake of lead through the air, drinking water and food were $5.06{\mu}g/day\;(26.3%)\;0.002{\mu}g/day\;(0.1%),\;and\;16.4{\mu}g/day\;(73.6%)$, respectively. The average intake of cadmium through the air, drinking water and food were $0.082{\mu}g/day\;(0.9%),\;0.001{\mu}g/day\;(0.007%),\;and\;12.61 {\mu}g/day\;(99.0%)$, respectively. The blood lead level was statistically higher in the male subjects than in the female subjects (3.39 and $2.22{\mu}g/dl$, respectively), and only gender was a significant variable on the multiple regression analysis for blood lead. Conclusions: This study showed that the intake of lead and cadmium through food was the major route of exposure. A policy to reduce the pollutants according to the exposure routes should be established. However, more studies will be needed to support these data for the general population.

생체내 혈중 납 표준물질의 제조 (In Vivo Preperation of Standard Reference Materials of Lead in Blood)

  • 정규철;최호춘
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.863-873
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    • 1995
  • This report describes a preperation and characterization of canine blood lead(Pb) standard reference material(SRM). Three adult beagle dogs(A, B, and C)were orally dosed with gelatin capsules containing $Pb(NO_3)_2$, equivalent to $10\sim80mg$ Pb/kg body weight. Blood was drawn 24 hours after the dose from the cephalic vein into lead free 500ml Pyrex beaker in which EDTA.K was contained as an anticoagulant. The amount of lead given to individual dog was varied arbitrarily. Three month later, 3 canine animals were orally dosed with lead secondarily to make mixed SRM(D1) which was mixed different concentrations of lead in bloods with A1, B1, and C1 in vitro. The SRMs for A, B, C, A1, B1, C1, and D1 were distributed 2ml each into more than 300 lead free bottles, and were stored in refregerator at $4^{\circ}C$. The amount of lead in canine whole blood samples were determined using a Varian 30A atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS) with a model GTA-96 graphite tube atomizer with D2 background correction and a Hitachi Z-8100 AAS with Zeeman background correction. The sensitivity and detection limits for lead determination of Varian 30A were $0.46{\mu}g/L,\;0.34{\mu}g/L,\;and\;0.56{\mu}g/L,\;0.14{\mu}g/L$ of Hitachi Z-8100, respectively. Day to day variations in determination of blood lead concentration in a certain sample were $31.11{\pm}1.36{\mu}g/100ml$ by Varian 30A, and $33.08{\pm}0.82{\mu}g/100ml$ by Hitachi Z-8100, showing the difference of 3% between the two results. At the blood lead concentrations of $56.31{\pm}1.98{\mu}g/100ml(A),\;40.89{\pm}0.80{\mu}g/100ml(B),\;59.01{\pm}1.38{\mu}g/100ml(C)$, the precisions of replicated measurements by AAS were 3.52%, 1.96%, and 2.34%, respectively. Coefficient variation(CV) of SRMs(A, B, and C) within a standard sample were ranged from 0.92% to 7.50%, and those between 5 standard samples were 1.21%, 2.64%, and 1.11%, respectively, showing inter-vial variation of $1{\mu}g/100ml$. Lead levels in SRMs during one month storage were unchanged. The overall recoveries were $89.6\sim100.4%,\;91.6\sim101.9%,\;90.3\sim100.0%$ for A, B, and C SRMs, means were $56.46{\pm}2.69{\mu}g/100ml,\;39.35{\pm}1.89{\mu}g/100ml,\;57.40{\pm}2.31{\mu}g/100ml$, and measurement ranges were$52.88{\pm}59.26{\mu}g/100ml,\;37.47{\pm}41.68{\mu}g/100ml,\;54.80{\pm}60.69{\mu}g/100ml$, respectively. Those results were laid within confidence limits values. The lead concentrations in the mixed sample(D1) stored over one month period were ranged from $32.76{\mu}g/100ml\;to\;33.54{\mu}g/100ml$, with CV ranging from 1.2% to 2.7%. The results were similiar to each of single samples(A1, B1, and C1) in respect of homogeneity and stability. Results of the mixed blood sample analysed after 1 month storage at $4^{\circ}C$ by four other laboratories(L1, L2, L3, L4) were similar with those of our laboratory($L5;31.18{\pm}0.24{\mu}g/100ml$, acceptable range by $CDC;25.18\sim37.18{\mu}g/100ml$), showing the concentrations of $25.91{\pm}1.19{\mu}g/100ml(L1),\;34.16{\pm}0.22{\mu}g/100ml(L2),\;35.68{\pm}0.85{\mu}g/100ml(L3),\;30.95{\pm}0.46{\mu}g/100ml(L4)$ in a each samples.

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우리나라 성인의 혈중 납 농도 분포 연구 -공단지역 및 도시지역 거주 주민들을 대상으로- (Determination of Blood Lead Levels in Adolescents in Korea)

  • 정용;양지연;이지호;황만식;조성준
    • Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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    • 제14권4호
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    • pp.189-201
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    • 1999
  • Lead (Pb) is ubiquitous in the urban environment and is a well-known toxic element. It may cause adverse health effects on hematopoietic system, peripheral and central nervous systems, kidney functions, and others. In recent decades, lead concentration in blood has been widely used one of indicators for lead exposure and risk evaluation. In this study, we determined the blood-lead levels in general populations of Korea, and investigated the relationship among blood-lead levels, sociobehavioral factors, and lead concentrations in the contacted environments such as ambient air, drinking water, and foods. The study subjects consisted of volunteers who had lived in the residential or industrial area in Korea. Information about gender, age, living area, occupation, smoking, heat system, and dietary habits, etc was collected using a self-reported questionnaires. The lead concentrations of environments were collected by literature search to the study area. Participated subjects in industrial area were 726 and their blood-lead levels were 8.58 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for males and 6.26 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for female in average. The other subjects in residential area were 317 and their blood-lead levels were 4.58 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for males and 3.49 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for female in average. The distribution of blood-lead level in the industrial subjects was well fitted to the log -normal distribution and that in the residential subjects was well fitted to the normal distribution. Blood-lead levels in both area were affected by gender, smoking habit, age and residence duration except age in industrial area and residence duration in residential area. It was identified that 30% of blood-lead level was contributed from the inhalation of ambient air in the industrial area, and 8.4% of blood-lead level was from that in the residential area. from this study, it would be suggested for the health risk assessment and management of lead pollution concerns in urban, industrial and rural areas.

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수소화물 발생-유도결합플라스마 질량분석법에 의한 철강 중의 납의 정량 (Determination of Lead in Steels by Hydride generation-Inductively Coupled Plama/Mass Spectrometry)

  • 박창준;송선진;이동수
    • 분석과학
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    • 제14권5호
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    • pp.410-415
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    • 2001
  • 철강 시료 중의 납 분석을 위하여 수소화물 발생법을 플라스마에 납을 선택적으로 주입하고 유도결합플라스마 질량분석법으로 측정하는 분석법을 개발하였다. 납 수소화물 $PbH_4$의 생성을 위해서는 $NaBH_4$와 반응 전에 먼저 준안정 상태의 Pb(IV)로 만들어주기 위하여 산화제가 필요하다. $1000{\mu}g/mL$ 이상의 철 매질을 함유하는 시료용액으로 납 수소화물을 발생시키기 위한 최적조건을 찾는 연구를 수행하였다. 철 매질이 $10{\mu}g/mL$ 이상 존재할 때는 $K_2Cr_2O_7$이 효과적인 산화제로 작용하였으며 젖산을 가하여 감도를 향상시켰다. 시료용액의 산농도 그리고 산화제와 젖산 농도의 최적값은 철 매질의 농도에 따라 달랐다. 동위원소 희석법을 사용하여 납을 정량하였으며 철강 표준물질 NIST SRM 361, 362 분석결과는 불확도 범위안에서 검정값과 잘 일치하였다.

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불꽃원자 흡수 분광법으로 활성탄소에 흡착된 메틸티몰 블루로 납(II)의 예비농축, 분리 및 측정 (Preconcentration, Separation and Determination of lead(II) with Methyl Thymol Blue Adsorbed on Activated Carbon Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry)

  • Ensafi, Ali A.;Ghaderi , Ali R.
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제52권1호
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    • pp.16-22
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    • 2008
  • 예비농축 및 분리를 위한 온라인 시스템을 소개하였다. 이 방법은 활성탄소에 흡착된 메틸티몰 블루로 납(II)의 착체형성을 기저로 한다. 간섭이온의 효과는 물론 수용액상의 산성도, 고상의 용량, 흐름변수와 같은 희석용액으로부터 납(II)의 정량회수와 고상 시약의 준비 상태에 대해 연구되었다. 예비농축 후에 금속이온은 0.5M HNO3 용액의 5 ml에 자동적으로 용출되고 납이온의 양은 불꽃원자 흡수 분광법로 측정하였다. 최적조건하에서, 수용액시료의 납이온은 컬럼에 의해 약 1000배 분리 및 농축되었다. 검출한계는 0.001mg mL-1였다. 납은 강과 수돗물시료에서 98에서 102% 회수율을 보였다.

휘발유 가격결정과 유가 자유화정책에 관한 연구 (The Determination of Gasoline Pricing and the Policy Effect of Dereguration)

  • 손양훈;나인강
    • 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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    • 제11권3호
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    • pp.493-513
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    • 2002
  • This empirical study analyzed the policy effect of deregulation in oil product prices. To investigate the effect of deregulation, it is tested whether gasoline prices are determined by market power. Also, the role of government in gasoline tax system is investigated. The empirical analysis has been done by using error correction model. The major findings are as follows. First of all, no significant empirical evidence is found to support that the deregulation affects the determination of gasoline prices. Secondly, the short-term CIF elasticity is estimated to be 0.14. This finding implies that if CIF increases 10%, the gasoline prices increase 1.4%. Finally, the investigation on government role in deregulated market shows that the government has still exercise the power of control through the tax system. For example, the government is seemed to increase the gasoline price more than the increase amount caused by the international oil prices and the exchange rates, because of the intention to achieve the internal revenue increases and lead to gasoline conservation.

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Determination of Cadmium, Chromium and Lead in Polymers by ICP-OES Using a High Pressure Asher (HPA)

  • Cho, Hong-Je;Myung, Seung-Woon
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.489-497
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    • 2011
  • The proposed method for an effective assay of Cd, Cr and Pb in several polymer samples has been validated. The determination was carried out using ICP-OES after a high pressure asher (HPA) digestion at pressure and temperatures up to 13 MPa and $320^{\circ}C$, respectively. Polymer based materials were totally oxidized with nitric acid in a HPA chamber and determined by ICP-OES. Validation parameters such as linearity, matrix effect, limit of dectection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy and precision (repeatibility, intermediate precision and reproducibility) were assessed. The LOD and LOQ in the sample were ranged from 0.98 to 1.18 mg $kg^{-1}$ and 2.93 to 3.55 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively, relying on the analyte. The proposed method had a good accuracy and precision for repeatability, intermediate precision with respect to days and analysts and reproducibility expressed as inter-laboratory study. The developed method was simple to use, suitable and applicable to various kinds of polymers.

An Efficient Anti-collision Algorithm for the EPCglobal Class-1 Generation-2 System under the Dynamic Environment

  • Chen, Yihong;Feng, Quanyuan
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • 제8권11호
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    • pp.3997-4015
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    • 2014
  • Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an emerging wireless communication technology which allows objects to be identified automatically. The tag anti-collision is a significant issue for fast identifying tags due to the shared wireless channel between tags and the reader during communication. The EPCglobal Class-1 Generation-2 which uses Q algorithm for the anti-collision is widely used in many applications such as consumer electronic device and supply chain. However, the increasing application of EPCglobal Class-1 Generation-2 which requires the dynamic environment makes the efficiency decrease critically. Furthermore, its frame length (size) determination and frame termination lead to the suboptimal efficiency. A new anti-collision algorithm is proposed to deal with the two problems for large-scale RFID systems. The algorithm has higher performance than the Q algorithm in the dynamic environment. Some simulations are given to illustrate the performance.

흑연로 원자흡수분광광도법에 의한 뇨시료 중 흔적량 원소의 정량 (Determination of Trace Elements in Urine Samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry)

  • 최종문;최희선;박창준;김영상
    • 분석과학
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    • 제7권4호
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    • pp.555-561
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    • 1994
  • A method was described for the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of trace cadmium, copper, chromium and lead in urine samples. The elements were directly determined without any other treatments. The ash temperature was intensively optimized to improve the large background by the removal of organic materials and alkali and alkali earth metals in urine samples. Two kinds of standard solutions were used to plot calibration curves. From the recovery data, it could be confirmed that the analytical results with the synthetic urine matrix similar to real urine were more accurate than with a deionized water matrix.

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