• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.948-953
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze harmful heavy metals, sulfur dioxide and residual pesticides in 27 kinds of oriental medical materials. This study was carried out on 27 samples of oriental medical materials. The GC-ECD(Varian, CP-3800) was used to analyze residual pesticides. ICP-OES(Varian, Vista-MPX) was used to analyze lead, arsenic, cadmium. Mercury was analyzed by amalgamation method. A modified Monier-Williams method was used to analyze sulfur dioxide. Arsenic was detected less than 3(mg/kg) in 14 samples and was not detected 13 samples. Lead was detected less than 5(mg/kg) in 15 samples and was not detected 12 samples. Mercury was detected less than 0.2(mg/kg) in 15 samples and was not detected 12 samples. Cadmium was detected more than 0.3(mg/kg) in 3 samples was detected less than 0.3(mg/kg) in 16 samples and was not detected 11 samples. A few residual pesticides was detected, but all residual pesticides was safe. Sulfur dioxide was detected in all samples, but all residual sulfur dioxide was safe.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제20호
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• pp.19-43
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 리더십과 직무특성, 직무 스트레스 몰입이 이직에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것으로, 이들 변수들이 경호조직 종사자들의 이직에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는가에 분석하는데 있다. 연구 자료는 서울과 경인지역에 소재하는 30인 이상 경호경비업체를 대상으로 했으며, 팀장급 이하 경호 경비 종사자 176명에 대한 설문조사를 통해 수집했다. 자료는 신뢰도 및 척도의 내적일관성을 측정하기 위해 Cronbach 알파계수를 사용했고, 가설 검증을 위해 다중회귀분석과 경로분석을 실시했으며, 통계패키지로는 Lisrel 8W와 SPSS Windows 11.0을 활용했다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경호산업 리더들의 조직구성원에 대한 격려 수준이 높을수록 변혁적 리더십은 경호조직원들에게 강한 자신감과 새로운 비전을 부각시켜주는 것으로 나타나 정서적 몰입은 구성원들에게 강한 자신감을 갖게 하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 경호조직 구성원의 높은 조직몰입은 낮은 이직에 영향을 미치고 있었다. 셋째, 직무특성 중 자율성은 직무 스트레스에 긍정적 영향을 주고 있었다. 마지막으로 직무스트레스는 이직에 부정적으로, 조직 몰입은 이직을 저지하는 긍정적인 영향력을 발견하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제12권5호통권48호
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• pp.527-535
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• 2000

철골 구조물의 접합부는 전통적으로 강접 혹은 단순 접합으로 이상화하여 설계되어 졌으나 많은 연구를 통해 이러한 모델링이 불합리할 수 있음이 밝혀져 왔다. 골조의 정확한 해석을 위해 부재의 2차효과($P-{\delta}$효과) 및 구조물 전체의 2차효과($P-{\Delta}$효과)의 고려가 필수적이고, 무엇보다도 접합부의 고유한 강성을 부여하는 것이 중요하다. 즉 실험을 통해 얻은 접합부의 모멘트-회전각을 골조 해석시 있는 그대로 반영할 수 있어야 한다. 이러기 위해 모멘트-회전각을 표현할 수 있는 단일 수식의 개발이 필요하며 지금까지 다양한 수식이 개발되어 보고되고 있다. 본 논문은 기하학적효과 및 접합부 강성을 고려할 수 있도록 이론을 통해 유도한 접합부의 강성행렬에 모멘트-회전각 관계를 표현하는 수정지수 함수 모델, 멱함수 모델 그리고 제안한 로그함수 모델을 사용하여 골조 해석을 실시하고, 그 결과를 통해 유도된 강성행렬의 적용가능성을 알아보고, 제안한 로그함수의 유효성을 밝히고자 한다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2009

This study was performed to evaluate the heavy metal contents in various packaging board. Domestic and foreign OCC (old corrugated containers) and old duplex boards were used as raw materials. Tests were made for the printed and unprinted parts of the sample. Heavy metal contents of old food packaging boards made from virgin pulp fibers were also evaluated. The contents of heavy metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and mercury (Hg) were determined using ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometer), and CV-AAS (Cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrometer) after digesting the samples in a microwave oven. The contents of heavy metals contained in domestic packaging board were higher than those in overseas samples, and OCC showed higher contents of heavy metals than old duplex boards. Printed parts gave greater heavy metal contents than unprinted parts. Results indicate that recycling of paper and paperboard products increases the heavy metal contamination of the paper packaging products and this derives mostly from the heavy metals contained in printing inks. Recycling processes that decrease heavy metals in recycled fibers and new printing inks that contains less heavy metals should be developed to solve the problem associated with the heavy metals in packaging paper products.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.270-275
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• 2012

This paper presents a portable and compact optical device which can conveniently be used to perform a functional analysis of human liver function. The proposed system employed red/green LEDs, as a light source, and CMOS image sensor, which is commonly used in cellular phones. With this system, several blood serum samples have been evaluated for liver functional analysis by measuring light absorption level through the blood serum samples depending on aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin concentration. The light absorption through the blood serum samples containing AST, ALT, or total bilirubin can provide their concentrations. The green light absorption is more sensitive to the concentration of AST or ALT, and the red light absorption is more sensitive to the total bilirubuin concentration. Additional calibration steps were performed by using a MATLAB program in order to eliminate the light scattering effects from the extraneous particles existing in each blood serum sample. From the blind test, three standard light intensity curves through each enzyme have been obtained and the enzyme concentration values have been compared to those obtained from a commercially available biochemistry analyzer (Toshiba 200 FR). The average percent difference in the obtained concentrations from two systems for AST, ALT, and total bilirubin concentration came out to be 7.79%, 7.98%. and 7.56%, respectively, with the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) higher than 0.98. This system can possibly lead to a low-cost and simple system that can be used as a point-of-care (POC) system in a condition without advanced equipments.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1293-1296
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• 2006

In this study, a solid phase extraction method has been developed for the preconcentration and separation of the elements Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II) and Pb(II) at trace levels by using a column packed with Amberlite XAD-1180 resin loaded with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) reagent. After preconcentrating, the metals retained on the column were eluted with 20 mL of 3 mol/L $HNO_3$ and then determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The factors affecting the recovery of the elements, such as pH, type and concentration of eluent, volume of sample and elution solution, and matrix components, were also ascertained. The recoveries of Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II) and Pb(II) were found to be $99\;{\pm}\;4,\;97\;{\pm}\;3,\;95\;{\pm}\;3$ and $98\;{\pm}\;4$%, respectively, under the optimum conditions at 95% confidence level and the relative standard deviations found by analyzing of nine replicates were $\leq4.4$%. The preconcentration factors for Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II) and Pb(II) were found as 75, 125, 50 and 75 respectively. The detection limits (DL, 3s/b) were 3.0 $\mu g/L$ for Cr(III), 1.25 $\mu g/L$ for Fe(III), 3.3 $\mu g/L$ for Co(II), and 7.2 $\mu g/L$ for Pb(II). The recoveries achieved by adding of metals at known concentrations to samples and the analysis results of Buffalo river sediment (RM 8704) show that the described method has a good accuracy. The proposed method was applied to tap water, stream water, salt and street dust samples.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.21-45
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• 2020

The major legal issues of this case were governing law questions regarding the liability of the shipowner/employer to its employee. It is true that in the absence of the parties' choice of law, the arbitral tribunal may apply the substantive laws or rules of law which it deems appropriate. However, it does not mean that the arbitral tribunal has arbitrary discretion in choosing the appropriate law as the governing law of the case; rather, the arbitrators should carefully examine the conflict of law rules of the forum and the requirement of the law of the country where the upcoming arbitral award will be enforced. They must bear in mind the role of the "connecting factors" in determination of the governing law. Therefore, the application of an alien law, which has minimal connecting factor with the case, may lead to a conclusion that is hardly understood by the parties. On the same token, the arbitrators must pay attention to applying the mandatory rules of a country, the laws of which not being the governing law of the issue. It is said that the application of the mandatory rules is a necessary evil to secure the enforcement of the award in the country, which has national interest in applying its own law to the issue. Further, arbitrators must pay attention to the consistent application of the law and respect the integrity of a legal system to reach a fair conclusion. The place of service of a seafarer for a vessel navigating international sea ought to be its home port country rather than the country of the ship registry, and the party autonomy in choice of the law in a seafarer employment should be respected.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.4761-4767
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• 2016

Objective: The use of Shamma (smokeless tobacco) by certain groups is giving rise to health problems, including cancer, in parts of Saudi Arabia. Our objective was to determine metals levels in Shamma using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Methods: Thirty-three samples of Shamma (smokeless tobacco) were collected, comprising four types: brown Shamma (n = 14.0), red Shamma (n = 9.0), white Shamma (n = 4.0), and yellow Shamma (n = 6.0). All samples were collected randomly from Shamma users in the city of Najran. Levels of 11 elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined by ICP-MS. Results: A mixed standard (20 ppb) of all elements was used for quality control, and average recoveries ranged from 74.7% to 112.2%. The highest average concentrations were found in the following order: Al ($598.8-812.2{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($51.0-80.6{\mu}g/g$), and Ni ($23.2-53.3{\mu}g/g$) in all four Shamma types. The lowest concentrations were for As ($0.7-1.0{\mu}g/g$) and Cd ($0.0-0.06{\mu}g/g$). Conclusions: The colour of each Shamma type reflects additives mixed into the tobacco. Cr and Cu were showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among Shamma types. Moreover, Pb levels are higher in red and yellow Shamma, which could be due to use (PbCrO4) as yellow colouring agent and lead tetroxide, Pb3O4 as a red colouring agent. The findings from this study can be used to raise public awareness about the safety and health effects of Shamma, which is clearly a source of oral exposure to metals.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.39-79
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• 2005

본 연구는 은행집중도 확대 등 독점적 은행구조의 비교우위 가능성을 검토하였다. 즉, 신용평가기관(Credit Bureau)의 정착, 신용정보의 거래활성화 등 금융제도가 선진화되면서 나타나는 정보의 외부효과 증대에 따라, 또한 경제발전단계에 따라 최적 은행구조가 어떻게 달라질 수 있는지를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 경제개발 초기단계인 저개발국가와 자본시장이 발달하고 금융제도가 선진화되면서 정보의 외부성이 높아진 선진국의 경우는 독점적 은행구조가 장기균형자본축적에 효과가 있었다. 이러한 결과는, 은행과 차입자 간의 비대칭적인 정보구조가 상존하는 가운데 경제 내의 신용리스크가 큰 경우 또는 정보의 외부효과가 높아 무임승차(free riding) 위협이 큰 경우에는 독점적인 은행구조가 바람직함을 시사한다. 본 연구는 최근 금융산업에서 발생하는 인수합병의 경제적 효과를 설명하는 새로운 분석방법을 제시하고 있으며, 우리나라 및 세계 각국의 인수합병 관련 규제완화의 이론적 근거를 제공할 수 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.907-911
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• 2008

무(Raphanus sativus L.)는 세계적으로 중요한 작물 중의 하나이다. 십자화과 식물 종자 생산에서 원하지 않은 내교잡에 의한 종자 결실로 오염이 발생하므로 씨의 순수성 검증은 매우 중요하다. 재배종 진주 대평 무(R. sativus cv. Daepeng)와 백자 무(R. sativus cv. Backza)의 교잡 분석을 실시하였다. 알로자임으로 상업적으로 이용되는 잡종 제1세대($F_1$) 무에 있어서 씨의 순수성을 평가하였다. 웅성과 자성 양친 360개체에 27개 대립유전자좌위를 조사하였다. 특히 Par-1 ($aa{\times}bb$), Lap-1($aa{\times}bb$), Est-1 ($aa{\times}bb$)에서 명확한 잡종 밴드를 나타내었다. Est-1 대립유전자좌위에서 자성 배우체로부터 기원된 것이 15개체(8.3%)가 발견되었고, 웅성 배우체로부터 기원된 것이 26개체(14.4%)가 발견되었다. 또한 다양도 측면에서 양친 계통에 비해 잡종 계통에서 높은 유전적 다양도를 유지하고 있었다. 샤논의 정보지수(Shannon's index)를 이용한 표현형 다양도는 교잡 계통이 가장 높았다. 알로자임에 의한 무 계통의 교잡에 의한 종자 생성에서 씨에 대한 순수성 검증이 효과적으로 탐지되어 육종 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.