• Title/Summary/Keyword: Lead

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Preparation of Purified Lead Nitrate from Lead Sulfate Generated from the Lead-acid Battery Smelter as By-products (재생연 제련 부산물인 황산연으로부터 정제 질산연의 제조)

  • Lee, Jin-Young;Han, Choon;Shin, Joong-Kuk;Kim, Saung-Gyu;Lee, Hwa-Young;Oh, Jong-Kee
    • Resources Recycling
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.31-38
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    • 1998
  • Hydrometallugical process was developed to produce the purified lead nitrate from lead dust mainly composed of lead s sulfate generated from lead-acid battery smelter as by-product. This process consisLed of carbonation process with carbonate s salts, leaching and purification processes. FmaJJy crude lead nitrate purified to produce high-purity product with over 99% Pb $(NO_3)_2$.

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Effect of oral D-penieillamine in Urinary excretion of lead (D-Penicillamine 이 연 배설농도에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Chung-Yill
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.87-94
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    • 1976
  • In order to study the chelating action of d-penicillamine on lead and the possibility of its application to the provocation test for diagnosis of lead poisoning, urinary excretion of lead was measured from 24-hour urine samples before, during and after administration of d-penicillamine by oral route for 5 days on 18 lead workers. The results were as follows: 1. Oral d-penicillamine 600 mg/day raised the excretion of urinary lead by approximately 3 times as compared with initial urinary lead level. 2. Initial urinary lead level was the better indicator of urinary lead excretion in d-penicillamine administration than initial blood lead ${\delta}-ALA$ and hemoglobin level. 3. Oral d-penicillamine may be quite useful in provocation test for lead poisoning.

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A Study on the Preventive Effect of Chitosan on the Lead Toxicity in Rats (흰쥐의 납독에 대한 키토산의 효과에 관한 연구)

  • 김일두;유문희
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.283-288
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    • 1996
  • This study was performed to investigate the effects of chitosan on the lead poisoning in rats. For this experiment, 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The experimental groups were divided into five: Control (250 mg/kg lead), Group I (250 mg/kg lead+1% chitosan), Group II (250 mg/kg lead+2% chitosan), Group III(250 mg/kg lead+4% chitosan), Group IV (250 mg/kg lead+8% chitosan). The results were as follows; 1. The lead concentration in the liver showed 3.924~10.217 mg/kg in control group, but treated group was inclined to decrease during the experiment period (P<0.05). 2. The lead concentration in the kidney showed 23.268~31.315 mg/kg in control group, but Experimental group showed 3.765~9.725 mg/kg (Group I), 34.60~9.115 mg/kg (Group II), 3.549~8.816 mg /kg (Group III), 3.502~8.532 mg/kg (Group IV) resectively, also, Experimental group was inclined to decrease compared to control group (P

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Blood Lead Concentration of Lead-Soldering Handicapped Workers in Manufacturing Electronic Components (전자부품제조 납땜 취급 장애인 근로자들의 혈중 납 농도)

  • Lee, Kook-Sung
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.67-75
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    • 2009
  • In order to provide basic data for the prevention of adverse effects of lead on health, we examined lead levels in the blood of 30 handicapped workers employed in manufacturing electronic components in Seoul from 2002 to 2008. The average lead level in the blood of all the subjects was $4.79{\pm}4.32{\mu}g/dL$ in females, $2.64{\pm}2.31{\mu}g/dL$ in males, and $3.88{\pm}3.75{\mu}g/dL$ in total. Lead levels examined in this study were significantly lower than other investigators study have reported. The average lead level from personal exposure of the subjects was $1.44{\pm}0.91mg/m^3$ in the workplace. The relation between blood lead levels and personal exposure was a simple linear regression; it's equation was "Lead level in blood = 6.04 - 1.92 lead level by personal exposure".

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Change of Laboratory Parameters during Treatment of Lead Poisoning (연중독치료시 혈중연, 뇨중연, 뇨중 Coproporphrin, 뇨중 ${\delta}$-Aminolevulinic acid의 변화)

  • Yoo, Byoung-Kook
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.76-82
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    • 1978
  • In order to study the change of laboratory parameters of lead poisoning, 8 persona who had not been treated previously for lead poisoning (Group 1 and 6 persons who had been inadequately treated for few months for chronic lead poisoning at local clinic (Group 2) were examined. They had occupational exposure to lead for 3 to 18 years (mean, 7.6). In group 1 blood lead, urine lead, urine coproporphyrin and ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid levels before our treatment exceeded the critical levels of lead poisoning. In group 2 urine lead level exceeded but blood lead, urine coproporphyrin and ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid levels were within normal limits. All of them were treated with D-penicillamine for 4 months as inpatients at Industrial Accident Hospital. The dose of D-penicillamine was the same in all patients; 600 mg per day p.o. and the chelating agent was administer every other week. For laboratory analysis, 24 hour urine and 10 gm of whole blood were collected every 1 month on last day of non-administration period. The results were as follows: 1. It was found that urine lead level was decreased below the cirtical level of lead poisoning after 4 month's treatment with D-penicillamine and blood lead level was decreased more progressively below the critical level after 1 month treatment. 2. Urine coproporphyrin and ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid levels were decreased progressively to normal range after 1 month treatment. 3. Two months after treatment, blood lead, urine lead, urine coproporphyrin and ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid levels showed some increasing trends. 4. Urine lead level should be checked in a person who had been inadequately treated with chelating agents because blood lead, coproporphyrin and ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid might be in normal range.

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Analysis on the Risk-Based Screening Levels Determined by Various Risk Assessment Tools (III): Proposed Methodology for Lead Risk Assessment in Korea (다양한 위해성평가 방법에 따라 도출한 토양오염 판정기준의 차이에 관한 연구(III): 우리나라 납 오염 위해성평가 방법 제안)

  • Jung, Jae-Woong;Nam, Kyoungphile
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2015
  • The most critical health effect of lead exposure is the neurodevelopmental effect to children caused by the increased blood lead level. Therefore, the endpoint of the risk assessment for lead-contaminated sites should be set at the blood lead level of children. In foreign countries, the risk assessment for lead-contaminated sites is conducted by estimating the increased blood lead level of children via oral intake and/or inhalation (United States Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA), or by comparing the estimated oral dose to the threshold oral dose of lead, which is derived from the permissible blood lead level of children (Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM). For the risk assessment, USEPA employs Integrated-Exposure-Uptake-Biokinetic (IEUBK) Model to check whether the estimated portion of children whose blood lead level exceeds 10 µg/dL, threshold blood lead level determined by USEPA, is higher than 5%, while Dutch RIVM compares the estimated oral dose of lead to the threshold oral dose (2.8 µg/kg-day), which is derived from the permissible blood lead level of children. In Korea, like The Netherlands, risk assessment for lead-contaminated sites is conducted by comparing the estimated oral dose to the threshold oral dose; however, because the threshold oral dose listed in Korean risk assessment guidance is an unidentified value, it is recommended to revise the existing threshold oral dose described in Korean risk assessment guidance. And, if significant lead exposure via inhalation is suspected, it is useful to employ IEUBK Model to derive the risk posed via multimedia exposure (i.e., both oral ingestion and inhalation).

Provenance Study on Ancient Lead Glass Relics Using a Lead Isotope Ratio (납동위원소비를 이용한 고대 납유리 유물의 산지추정)

  • Han, Min Su;Kim, So Jin
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.187-193
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    • 2015
  • The purpose of the present study is to trace the provenance of lead raw materials using the lead isotope ratio of 9 lead glasses excavated from the Sarira hole of Mireuksaji stone pagoda and to determine correlation between them and other lead glasses excavated from the Wanggungri site. The results of chemical analysis of the 9 lead glasses show that they are common lead glass system($PbO-SiO_2$) with respect to the contents of PbO (70 wt.%) and $SiO_2$ (30 wt.%). The lead isotope ratios of them plot to northern Korean peninsula when applied to the distribution map of lead isotopes of East Asia. On the other hand, southern Korean peninsula is verified as the main deposits of the lead ore in the distribution map of lead isotopes of South Korea. With respect to the results, it is notable that the provenance of the 9 lead glasses can be very different depending on the distribution map. In addition, a comparative study between them and the lead glasses excavated from the Wanggungri which was built in the same region and period shows that their lead isotopes are highly correlated.

Path planning of the J-lead inspection using hopfield model (홉필드 모델을 이용한 J-리드 검사 경로 생성)

  • 이중호;차영엽
    • 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 1997.10a
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    • pp.1774-1777
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    • 1997
  • As factory automation is required, using the vision system is also essential. Especially, the pateh planning of parts with J-lead on PCB plays a import role of whole automation. Path planning is required because J-lead is scatteed compaed to L-lead on PCB. Therefore, in this paper, we propose path planning of part inspection with J-lead to use Hopfield Model(TSP : Traveling Salesman Problem). Then optical system suited to J-lead inspection is designed and the algorithm of J-lead solder joint and part inspection is proposed.

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Relationship of between blood lead level and lead related symptoms in low level lead exposure (저농도 연폭로에서 혈중 연농도와 자각증상과의 관계)

  • Hwang, Kyu-Yoon;Ahn, Jae-Eog;Ahn, Kyu-Dong;Lee, Byung-Kook;Kim, Joung-Soon
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.24 no.2 s.34
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    • pp.181-194
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    • 1991
  • This study intended to obtain an useful information on the prevalence of subjective symptoms, and to clarify the interrelationships between blood lead and lead related symptoms in low level lead exposure. The 93 male workers exposed to lead and 56 male nonexposed workers were examined for their blood lead(PBB), Zinc-protoporphy(ZPP), hemoglobin(HB) and personnal history, and completed 15 questionnaires related to symptoms of lead absorption : also measured lead concentration in air (PBA) in the workplace. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The means of blood lead (PBB), blood ZPP and hemoglobin (HB) among workers exposed to lead were $26.1{\pm}8.8{\mu}g/dl,\;28.3{\pm}26.0{\mu}g/dl$ and $16.2{\pm}1.2g/dl$ : whereas those of nonexposed workers were $18.7{\pm}5.1{\mu}g/dl,\;20.6{\pm}8.7{\mu}g/dl$ and $17.3{\pm}1.1g/dl$. The means of above three indicies between two groups showed significant difference statistically (p<0.05). 2. The means of blood lead (PBB), blood ZPP and hemoglobin of workers exposed .to different lead concentration in air were as follows : When it was below $25{\mu}g/m^3$, the indices were $24.7{\pm}79,\;26.1{\pm}26.8{\mu}g/dl\;and\;16.4{\pm}1.1g/dl$ respectively : These indices were $27.1{\pm}8.5,\;23.9{\pm}10.92{\mu}g/dl\;and\;16.2{\pm}1.3g/dl$ when the lead concentration in air was $25{\sim}50{\mu}g/m^3$ : and they were $3.4{\pm}9.3,\;42.3{\pm}31.3{\mu}g/dl\;and\;15.5{\pm}1.2g/dl$ when the concentration of lead was above $50{\mu}g/m^3$. Although there were statistical difference in blood lead and hemoglobin among three different lead concentration in air, there was no statistical difference of blood ZPP among the three groups with different exposure levels (p>0.05). 3. The most frequent by complained symptom was 'Generalized weakness and fatigue', and fewest symptom was 'Intermittent pains in abdomen' 4. Only two symptoms out of fifteen symptoms checked by themselves revealed significant difference between exposed and nonexposed groups. These were 'Intermittent pains of abdomen' and 'Joint pain or arthralgia' (p<0.05), No positive correlation was found between the levels of blood lead and symptom groups categorized as gastrointestinal, neuromuscular and constitutional symptoms, 5. Blood lead (r=0.3995) and ZPP (r=0.2837) showed statistically significant correlation with mean lead concentration in air, whereas correlations were not demonstrated between blood lead and lead related symptoms or blood ZPP and lead related symptoms. 6. Blood lead (PBB) and ZPP showed association (r=0.2466) and the equation PBB=23.75+0.0842 ZPP was derived. 7. On stepwise multiple regression, using blood lead level as a dependent variable and ZPP, hemoglobin (HB), age, work duration (WD) and symptom prevalence as a independent variables, only ZPP significantly contributed a lot to blood lead level. 8. While the ZPP measurement was found to be a good indicator in evaluating health effect of lead absorption in low level lead exposure, lead related symptoms were not sensitive enough to evaluate of lead absorption in low level exposure.

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FIXATION OF LEAD CONTAMINANTS IN Pb-DOPED SOLIDIFIED WASTE FORMS

  • Lee, Dong-Jin;Chung, David;Hwang, Jong-Yeon;Choi, Hyun-Jin
    • Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.101-108
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    • 2007
  • Fixation of lead contaminants in the solidification/stabilization using Portland cement has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and compressive strength. The presence of lead was observed to produce lead carbonate sulfate hydroxide ($Pb_4SO_4(CO_3)_2(OH)_2$), lead carbonate hydroxide hydrate ($3PbCO_3{\cdot}2Pb(OH)_2{\cdot}H_2O$) and two other unidentified lead salts in cavity areas and was observed to significantly retard the hydration of cement. By 28 days, howevere, the XRD peaks of most of the lead precipitates have essentially disappeared with only residual traces of lead carbonate sulfate hydroxide and lead carbonate hydroxide hydrate evident. After 28 days of curing, hydration appears well advanced with a strong portlandite peak present though C-S-H gel peaks are not particularly evident. Lead species produced with the dissolution of lead precipitates are fixed into the cement matrix to be calcium lead silicate hydrate (C-Pb-S-H) during cement-based solidification.