• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• 제68권
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• pp.380-386
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• 2018

A sustainable method was developed for the upgrade of biomass derived vanillin (a typical model compound of lignin) into the potential liquid biofuels over a layered double hydroxide supported Pd catalyst (abbreviated as CoAl-LDH/Pd). The CoAl-LDH/Pd catalyst showed high catalytic activity towards the hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin into 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (MMP) under mild conditions in aqueous media. High MMP yield up to 86% was produced at $120^{\circ}C$ after 4 h. Kinetic studies revealed that the rate-determining step for the hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin was the hydrogenolysis of vanillyl alcohol. More importantly, the CoAl-LDH/Pd catalyst was highly stable without the loss of activity.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2018

1D core-shell nanostructures have attracted great attention due to their enhanced physical and chemical properties. Specifically, oriented single-crystalline $TiO_2$ nanorods or nanowires on a transparent conductive substrate would be more desirable as the building core backbone. However, a facile approach to produce such structure-based hybrids is highly demanded. In this study, a three-step hydrothermal method was developed to grow NiMn-layered double hydroxide-decorated $TiO_2$/carbon core-shell nanorod arrays on transparent conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and Raman were used to analyze the obtained samples. The in-situ fabricated hybrid nanostructured materials are expected to be applicable for photoelectrode working in water splitting.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.192-196
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• 2011

The multi-layered thin film with an ITO/Ag/ITO structure was produced on PET by using magnetron reactive sputtering method. First, 30 nm of ITO thin film was coated on PET by using normal temperature process. Then 20-52 nm of the Ag thin film was coated. Lastly, 30 nm of ITO thin film was coated on Ag layer. The sample of the 20 nm Ag thin film showed more than 70% transmission and a $2.7{\Omega}/{\Box}$ sheet resistance. When compared to the existing single-layered transparent conducting thin film, multi-layered film was found to be superior with about $5{\Omega}/{\Box}$ less sheet resistance. However, since the Ag layer became thinner, the band gap energy needs to be increased to more than 3.5 eV.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.553-566
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• 2023

A circular tank foundation resting on the ground and subjected to axisymmetric horizontal and vertical loads and moments is analyzed using the variational principles of mechanics. The circular foundation is assumed to behave as a Kirchhoff plate with in-plane and transverse displacements. The soil beneath the foundation is assumed to be a multi-layered continuum in which the horizontal and vertical displacements are expressed as products of separable functions. The differential equations of plate and soil displacements are obtained by minimizing the total potential energy of the plate-soil system and are solved using the finite element and finite difference methods following an iterative algorithm. Comparisons with the results of equivalent two-dimensional finite element analysis and other researchers establish the accuracy of the method.

• 한국항만학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 1994

A theoretical formulation is performed to investigate the wave reflection and transmission ratios by a submerged multi-layered rubble-mound breakwater. This theory, which is based on the linear boundary integral method, can be extended to the multi-layered breakwater with arbitrary cross section. In the theoretical analysis evanescent mode wave is not considered, since fictitious open boundaries are put on the places far from the structure. Therefore the mathematical presentation may be simpler, and computational time shorter. The validity of obtained numerical results is demonstrated by comparing with ones of impermeable and permeable breakwaters. Comparison shows resonable agreement. On the basis of these verifications this theory is applied to the one and two-layered submerged rubble-mound breakwater with trapezoidal type.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate an innovative hydroforming process for the cost-effective manufacturing of double layered tube with circumferentially corrugated patterns. Conventional double pipe heat exchanger has relatively poor heat transfer efficiency because of the limited contact area resulting from the concentrically arranged simple cylindrical structure. As a promising alternative to enhance heat transfer efficiency, double layered tube with corrugated internal pattern was considered in this study. To fabricate corrugated inner tube, innovative tube hydroforming system was developed. The customized loading paths were established using the simulated forming pressure and contracting stroke at various bar diameters. Experimentally obtained cross-sectional profiles were analyzed to evaluate the reliability and applicability of the hydroformed tube with various patterns. The results demonstrate that the proposed hydroforming process can be a feasible alternative for manufacturing high-performance double-tube heat exchangers.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.45-57
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• 1987

지진하중(地震荷重)에 대한 구조물(構造物)의 동적(動的) 거동(擧動)은 지반(地盤)의 특성(特性)에 따라 현저한 차이(差異)를 나타내게 되는데 이러한 현상(現象)을 동적(動的) 지반(地盤)-구조물(構造物) 상호작용(相互作用)이라고 한다. 지반(地盤)-구조물(構造物) 상호작용(相互作用)의 해석방법(解析方法)은 크게 직접법(直接法)과 부분구조법(部分構造法)으로 구분되며, 이 중 부분구조법(部分構造法)은 직접법(直接法)에 비하여 해석방법(解析方法)은 간편하지만 매입구조물(埋入構造物)이나 층상지반상(層狀地盤上) 구조물(構造物)에 대한 해석 시 많은 제약(制約)을 받게 된다. 본 논문(論文)에서는 원친적으로 반무한탄성체지반상(半無限彈性體地盤上) 구조물(構造物)에만 효과적으로 적용(適用)할 수 있는 부분구조법(部分構造法)을 적절히 응용(應用)하여 매입구조물(埋入構造物) 혹은 층상지반상(層狀地盤上) 구조물(構造物)에도 적용할 수 있는 방법을 제시(提示)하였으며, 직접법(直接法)에 의한 해석프로그램인 FLUSH의 해석결과와 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)하여 그 타당성(妥當性)을 입증(立證)하였다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.1617-1625
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• 2010

최근 다양한 서비스 환경에 대해 적응적인 비디오 품질을 제공할 수 있는 계층 부호화 기술인 SVC 압축 기법의 표준화가 완료되었다. 본 논문에서는 SVC의 비디오 계층간 중요도의 특성을 고려하여 목표로 하는 일정한 계산 복잡도로 암호화 복잡도를 제어할 수 있는 계층적 암호화 기법을 제안한다. 특히, 다양한 서비스 환경에 대해 적응적인 SVC 비디오의 NAL unit의 계층적 분류에 따른 NAL unit의 중요도 분석과 그 중요도에 적합한 암호화 강도를 적용하는 기법을 제안한다. 암호화 시간에 대한 제어 능력과 부적합한 해독키에 의해 재생된 영상의 화질 비교를 통해 제안된 계층적 암호화 기법의 성능이 우수함을 검증한다.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 다입력 퍼지 로직 시스템에서 생기는 퍼지 규칙수의 기하급수적 증가를 막기 위하여, 주어진 퍼지 시스템의 THEN 부분을 이용하여 퍼지 규칙 벡터를 정의하고, 이를 이용하는 2계층의 계층 퍼지 시스템으로 변환하는 방법을 제시한다. 여기에서, 1번째 계층에서는 주어진 퍼지 시스템으로부터 생성되는 일차독립의 퍼지 규칙 벡터를 사용하고, 2계층에서는 1계층에서 사용된 퍼지 규칙 벡터들의 선형 합을 사용한다. 변환된 2계층의 퍼지 시스템은 주어진 퍼지 시스템과 동일한 근사 능력을 가질 뿐 아니라, 더 적은 수의 퍼지 규칙을 가짐을 보인다.

• 소음진동
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.632-642
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• 1998

A method based on finite element discretization is developed for optimizing the polarization profile of PVDF film to create the modal transducer for specific modes. Using this concept, one can design the modal transducer in two-dimensional structure having arbitrary geometry and boundary conditions. As a practical means for implementing this polarization profile without repoling the PVDF film the polarization profile is approximated by optimizing electrode patterns, lamination angles, and poling directions of the multi-layered PVDF transducer. This corresponds to the approximation of a continuous function using discrete values. The electrode pattern of each PVDF layer is optimized by deciding the electrode of each finite element to be used or not. Genetic algorithm, suitable for discrete problems, is used as an optimization scheme. For the optimization of each layers lamination angle, the continuous lamination angle is encoded into discrete value using binary 5 bit string. For the experimental demonstration, a modal sensor for first and second modes of cantilevered composite plate is designed using two layers of PVDF films. The actuator is designed based on the criterion of minimizing the system energy in the control modes under a given initial condition. Experimental results show that the signals from residual modes are successfully reduced using the optimized multi-layered PVDF sensor. Using discrete LQG control law, the modal peaks of first and second modes are reduced in the amount of 12 dB and 4 dB, resepctively.