• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.289-295
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• 1998

The bioequivalence of two nilvadipine products was evaluated in 16 normal male volunteers (age 22-32 yr, body weight 57-80 kg) following sidle oral dose. Test product was Overca $l_{R}$ tablet (Choong-Wae Pharm. Corp., Korea) and reference product was Nivadi $l_{R}$ tablet (Hyundai Pharm. Corp., Korea). Both products contain 4 mg of nilvadipine. One tablet of the test or the reference product was administered to the volunteers, respectively, by randomized two period cross-over study (2$\times$2 Latin square method). The determination of nilvadipine was accomplished using a validated capillary column GC with electron-capture detection. As a result of the assay validation, the quantiflcation of nilvadipine in human plasma by this technique was possible down to 0.5 ng/ml using 1 ml of plasma. Absolute overall recovery from five replicate analyses of nilvadipine-spiked sample were 88.4$\pm$ 10.24% (mean$\pm$ 5.D.) for human plasma of 10 ng/ml. The coefficients of variation (C.V.) were less than 20% and the actual concentration of nilvadipine measured by GC ranged from 80 to 99% in all plasma. Average drug concentrations at each sampling time and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were not significantly different between two products (p>0.05); the area under the curve from time zero to 8 hr (AUCo-$_{8 hr}$) (22.8$\pm$5.90 vs 22.2$\pm$6.10 ng . hr/ml), maximum plasma concentration ( $C_{max}$) (10.0$\pm$2.85 vs 9.3$\pm$3.28 ng/ml) and time to reach maximum plasma concentration ( $T_{max}$) (1.2$\pm$0.31 vs 1.3 $\pm$0.47 hr). The differences of mean AU $Co_{8hr}$ $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$ between the two products (2.25, 7.65, and 10.30%, respectively) were less than 20%. The power (1-$\beta$) and treaeent difference (7) for AU $Co_{8hr}$, and $C_{max}$ were more than 0.8 and less than 0.2, respectively. Although the power for Tmax was under 0.8, Tm\ulcorner of the two products was not significantly different from each other (p>0. 05). These results suggest that the bioavailability of Overeat tablet is not significantly different from that of Nivadil tablet. Therefore, two products are bioequivalent based on the current results.sults.lts.lts.lts.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.291-297
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• 2001

The bioequivalence of two triflusal products was evaluated with 20 healthy volunteers following single oral dose according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Trisa $l^{R}$ capsule (Whanin Pharm. Corp., Korea) and Disgre $n^{R}$ capsule (Myung-In Pharm. Corp., Korea) were used as test product and reference product, respectively. Both products contain 300 mg of trifusal. One capsule of test product or reference product was orally administered to the volunteers, respectively, by randomized two period crossover study (2$\times$2 Latin square method). Blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals for 4 hours and the determination of trifusal was accomplished using semi-microbore HPLC equipped with automated column switching system. The analytical method with HPLC was validated according to the Bioanalytic Method Validation guideline by F7A prior to determining the plasma samples. The pharmacokinetic parameters (AU $C_{0-4h}$ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$) were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for statistical analysis of parameters. As a result of the assay validation, the limit of quantification of trifusal in human plasma by current assay procedure was 50 ng/ml using 500 $\mu$l of plasma. The accuracy of the assay was from 97.76% to 116.51% while the intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation of the same concentration range was less than 15%. Average drug concentration at the designated time intervals and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were not significantly different between two products (p>0.05). The difference of mean AU $C_{olongrightarrow4hr}$, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$ between the two products (2.92, 4.39, and -2.44%, respectively) were less than 20%. The power (1-$\beta$) and treatment difference ($\Delta$) for AU $C_{olongrightarrow4hr}$ and $C_{max}$ were more than 0.8 and less than 0.2, respectively. Although the power for $T_{max}$ was under 0.8, $T_{max}$ of the two products was not significantly different from each other (p>0.05). These results satisfied the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating the two products of triflusal were bioequivalent.quivalent.ent.ent.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.429-434
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• 2011

본 연구는 반려견 사료 내 주요 탄수화물원인 밀가루(원물기준 약 51%)를 현미로 15%, 30% 대체 급여하였을 때, 사료의 소화율 및 배설 분의 특성 변화를 조사하기 위하여 슈나우져(Miniature Schnauzer) 강아지(8~9개월령, 시험개시 평균체중 $5.0{\pm}0.3$ kg) 6마리를 이용 반복 $3{\times}3$ 라틴방각법에 따라 실험을 수행하였다. 현미 대체에 의해 조단백질을 제외한 건물, 유기물, 산분해 지방, 에너지 소화율이 linear (P<0.01)하게 증가하였다. 사료의 가소화에너지 및 대사에너지 농도(kcal/kg DM)도 현미 대체 비율이 증가하면서 linear 하게 증가(각각 P=0.001, P=0.006)하였다. 생분 배설량과 건조 분량도 모두 linear (P<0.001, P=0.004)하게 감소하였고, 특히 현미 30% 처리구는 대조구보다 생분 배설량이 약 21% 감소하였다. 분 score 또한 linear (P<0.05) 또는 quadratic (P<0.01) 개선 효과가 있었지만, 분 암모니아 농도는 현미구에서 높은 경향(P=0.07)을 보였다. 분 암모니아 증가는 linear하게 감소(P=0.001)한 short-chain fatty acid 농도와도 관계가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 실험의 결과, 현미 급여가 반려견의 영양소 소화율과 배설 분의 특성을 개선해 주는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.435-440
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• 2011

본 연구는 반려견 사료 내 주요 탄수화물원인 밀가루(원물기준 약 51%)를 현미로 15%, 30% 대체 급여하였을 때, 사료 영양소 소화율, 배설분 특성, 기호성 변화를 조사하기 위하여 말티즈(Maltese) 강아지(8~9개월령, 시험개시 평균체중 $2.8{\pm}0.3$ kg) 6마리는 이용 반복 $3{\times}3$ 라틴방각법에 따라 실험을 수행하였다. 모든 영양소 소화율에서 현미 15%구가 가장 높거나 혹은 가장 낮은 quadratic 효과가 나타났다. 대조구와 현미 30% 구간에는 차이가 없었다. 사료의 DE 및 ME 농도(kcal/kg DM)도 quadratic 반응(P<0.001, P=0.015)을 보였다. 생분 및 건물 분 배설량에서도 현미 15%구가 가장 높게 나타나는 quadratic (P = 0.006, P = 0.014) 반응을 보였고, 분 score는 2.7에서 2.3으로 linear (P = 0.008)하게 낮아졌다. 현미구 대체율이 증가하면서 분 암모니아 농도는 linear (P = 0.001)한 증가를 보였으며, short- chain fatty acid 농도는 linear (P = 0.07) 감소 경향을 보였다. 본 실험에서의 현미 급여 효과는 배설 분 score에서만 확인되었고, 현미구의 현저한 기호성 증진 결과에 대해서는 현미 효과인지 가금부산물 함량 증가 효과인지 추가 실험이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.180-186
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing corn with soy hulls on nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. Three experimental diets were tested using a 3 × 3 Latin square design using three barrows per group (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average initial body weight of 36.9 ± 4.0 kg) in individual metabolic cages. The dietary treatments were the control (CON) basal diet (corn-soybean meal based diet), whereas in the test diets, soy hulls were included at 5% (H1), 10% (H2), gradually replacing corn. The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement for digestible energy (DE) (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW^0.75). Intake of crude fiber (CF) was different among treatments (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H2 diet excreted higher concentrations of dry matter (DM), and CF than pigs fed with H1 diet and basal diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H1 and H2 diets excreted higher concentrations of crude protein (CP) than pigs fed with CON diet (p < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CF from H1 and H2 diets were higher than CON diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H2 diets were significantly lower (p < 0.05) the ATTD of CP than the pigs fed with CON and H1 diets. The current data suggest that 10% inclusion soy hulls can slightly decrease CP digestibility. However, soy hulls considerably increased CF digestibility.It is concluded that 5% soy hulls may be a usable alternative to corn in growing pig diets.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.389-398
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• 2009

본 연구는 동계사료작물 사일리지를 첨가한 TMR을 급여하였을 때, 흑염소의 사료 섭취량, 일당 증체량, 영양소 소화율 및 질소 축적율에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 흑염소에 대한 동계사료작물의 사료가치 평가의 자료로 이용하고자 실시하였다. 공시가축은 흑염소 12두(♂)를 4처리구(T1: 청보리 사일리지 첨가구, T2: 유채사일리지 첨가구, T3: 호밀 사일리지 첨가구 및 T4: 이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지 첨가구)로 나누어 처리구당 3두씩 개체별 대사케이지 에 라틴방각법으로 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1일 두당 건물, 유기물 및 조단백질 섭취량은 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 높았고, 청보리 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 조단백질 및 ADF 가소화 섭취량 또한 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 1일 증체량은 유채 사일리지 첨가구, 호밀 사일리지 첨가구 및 이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지 첨가구가 청보리 사일리지 첨가구 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 건물, 조단백질 및 섬유소 소화율은 청보리 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 높았으며, 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 질소섭취량과 질소축적율은 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 유의하게 높았으며, 청보리 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 이러한 결과를 종합적으로 고려할 때 동계사료작물 중 유채 사일리지 첨가시 사료 섭취량 및 질소 축적율 증가로 인해 흑염소의 생산성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.805-812
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• 2003

본 시험은 유형이 서로 다른 세 가지 형태의 TMR을 반추위에 누관이 장착된 면양을 이용하여 3${\times}$3 라틴 방각법으로 반추위내 발효성상, 효소역가 및 전장 소화율을 조사하였다. 시험 결과를 살펴보면, 전반적으로 반추위 내 pH, 암모니아태 질소 농도, 총 VFA, 각종 VFA생성량, A/P ratio 및 각종 효소(CMCase, Xylanase 및 Protease) 역가는 건TMR를 급여했을 때와 비교하여 습TMR과 발효TMR급여 시 높은 경향을 보였다. 또한 건물, 유기물, 조단백질, 조지방, NDF 및 ADF의 전장 소화율도 건TMR 급여 시 보다 습TMR과 발효TMR를 급여했을 때 높게 향상된 것을 볼 수 있다. 따라서 본 시험의 결과들을 종합해 보면 보다 안정적이고 활발한 반추위 발효과정과 영양소 이용효율 측면에서 건TMR보다 습TMR이나 발효TMR이 우수한 것으로 요약할 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1238-1243
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• 2018

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding level on nutrient digestibility and enteric methane ($CH_4$) emissions in growing goats and Sika deer. Methods: Three growing male goats (initial body weight [BW] of $22.4{\pm}0.9kg$) and three growing male deer (initial BW of $20.2{\pm}4.8kg$) were each allotted to a respiration-metabolism chamber for an adaptation period of 7 d and a data collection period of 3 d. An experimental diet was offered to each animal at one of three feeding levels (1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% of BW) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The chambers were used for measuring enteric $CH_4$ emission. Results: Nutrient digestibility decreased linearly in goats as feeding level increased, whereas Sika deer digestibility was not affected by feeding level. The enteric production of $CH_4$ expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), g/kg organic matter intake, and % of gross energy intake decreased linearly with increased feeding level in goats; however, that of Sika deer was not affected by feeding level. Six equations were estimated for predicting the enteric $CH_4$ emission from goats and Sika deer. For goat, equation 1 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=6.2({\pm}14.1)+10.2({\pm}7.01){\times}DMI(kg/d)+0.0048({\pm}0.0275){\times}dry$ matter digestibility (DMD, g/kg)-0.0070 (${\pm}0.0187$)${\times}$neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD; g/kg). For Sika deer, equation 4 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=-13.0({\pm}30.8)+29.4({\pm}3.93){\times}DMI(kg/d)+0.046(0.094){\times}DMD(g/kg)-0.0363({\pm}0.0636){\times}NDFD(g/kg)$. Conclusion: Increasing the feeding level increased $CH_4$ production in both goats and Sika deer, and predictive models of enteric $CH_4$ production by goats and Sika deer were estimated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.967-972
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• 2017

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio on the nutrient digestibility and enteric methane ($CH_4$) emission in growing goats and Sika deer. Methods: Three male growing goats (body weight $[BW]=19.0{\pm}0.7kg$) and three male growing deer ($BW=19.3{\pm}1.2kg$) were respectively allotted to a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with an adaptation period of 7 d and a data collection period of 3 d. Respiration-metabolism chambers were used for measuring the enteric $CH_4$ emission. Treatments of low (25:75), moderate (50:50), and high (73:27) F:C ratios were given to both goats and Sika deer. Results: Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility decreased linearly with increasing F:C ratio in both goats and Sika deer. In both goats and Sika deer, the $CH_4$ emissions expressed as g/d, g/kg $BW^{0.75}$, % of gross energy intake, g/kg DM intake (DMI), and g/kg OM intake (OMI) decreased linearly as the F:C ratio increased, however, the $CH_4$ emissions expressed as g/kg digested DMI and OMI were not affected by the F:C ratio. Eight equations were derived for predicting the enteric $CH_4$ emission from goats and Sika deer. For goat, equation 1 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=3.36+4.71{\times}DMI(kg/d)-0.0036{\times}neutral$ detergent fiber concentrate (NDFC,g/kg)+$0.01563{\times}dry$ matter digestibility (DMD,g/kg)-$0.0108{\times}neutral$ detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD, g/kg). For Sika deer, equation 5 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=66.3+27.7{\times}DMI(kg/d)-5.91{\times}NDFC(g/kg)-7.11{\times}DMD(g/kg)+0.0809{\times}NDFD(g/kg)$. Conclusion: Digested nutrient intake could be considered when determining the $CH_4$ generation factor in goats and Sika deer. Finally, the enteric $CH_4$ prediction model for goats and Sika deer were estimated.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.255-258
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• 2000

본 연구는 육성돈에 있어 인분해효소인 phytase의 첨가가 환경친화성사료개발을 위한 기초자료로 사용하기 위해 영양소 이용률을 측정하였다. 대조구는 옥수수-대두박의 육성돈 사료이고, 처리구는 대조구 사료에 Phytase의 첨가 수준을 500 unit 및 1,000 unit을 첨가한 구로 3×3 Latin Square 방법으로 실시하였다. 건물과 질소에 대한 소화율에서는 각 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 회분, 칼슘 및 인의 소화율의 경우 phytase 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 높은 수준을 보였다(P<0.05). 돼지가 섭취한 인의 양은 phytase 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 증가하였다. 또한 인의 흡수량에서 phytase 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 높았다(P<0.05) 분과 뇨의 총 인 배설량은 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 칼슘의 섭취량은 처리구가 대조구에 비해 높았다. 칼슘의 분 배설량은 각 처리구간에 별 다른 차이를 보이지 않았으나(P>0.05), 뇨의 배설량은 처리구가 대조구보다 적은 양이 배설되었다. 소화된 아미노산 중 cystine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine은 처리구가 대조구에 비해 소화율이 현저히 증가된 것을 알 수 있었다(P<0.05). Asparagine, threonine, serine, methionine, leucine의 경우 phytase를 500 unit 첨가한 구가 높은 소화율을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 한편 lysine, histidine, arginine 등의 다른 아미노산은 처리구가 대조구보다 약간의 소화율 증가를 보였으나 통계적 유의차는 나타나지 않았다(P>0.05). 결론적으로 인분해효소 phytase를 사료내 첨가하므로서 분중 영양소를 줄일 수 있는 환경친화성 사료를 개발 가능하다고 사료된다. 체결홈이 형성된 체결부를 갖는 안경집과 이것에 결합되는 체결구가 마련되어 개폐되는 커버가 형성된 케이스로 구성된다.로 금형설계 및 제작기간을 단축하고자 한다.ere demonstrated in rats after i.c.v., intraperitoneally and orally administration, respectively. The antiepileptical effects by the combination of compounds from ginseng; were compared with the iuluence of Rg1, Rb1, Rc and with the well known antiepileptical drugs such as carbamazepine, valproic acid. The base for the research is obtained by using the WAG/Rij strain (Luijtelaar, Coenen, Kuznetcova), an excellent genetic model for human generalized absence epilepsy. The improving action of gensinosides was effectively demonstrated on the model of electrical kindling of amygdala of WAG/Rij rats with genetically determined absences, and the influences of ginsenosides on the slow wave discharges have also been being investigated. The different characteristics of a kindling process exerted in the sex-dif