• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.826-831
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• 2000

The major indication of endoscope in neurosurgical field is intraventricular procedures. Recently, it can be used selectively in the intraaxial mass lesion associated cavity. For example, cystic mass, with liquefied necrosis, and blood clot can be approached with this technique. The authors present its usage in brain abscess ruptured into lateral ventricle. The neuroendoscope was introduced into abscess cavity through stereotactic guidance, the pus was then removed through continuous irrigation and suction under direct video visualization. The intraventricular pus was also cleaned through gentle, direct endoscopic irrigation and suction. The postoperative clinical course was uneventful. Brief overview is given for this intraaxial neuroendoscopic procedure.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.434-440
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study was to find an optimal delivery route for clinical trials of intrathecal cell therapy for spinal cord injury in preclinical stage. Methods : We compared in vivo distribution of Cy5.5 fluorescent dye in the spinal cord region at various time points utilizing in vivo optical imaging techniques, which was injected into the lateral ventricle (LV) or cisterna magna (CM) of rats. Results : Although CM locates nearer to the spinal cord than the LV, significantly higher signal of Cy5.5 was detected in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord region at all time points tested when Cy5.5 was injected into the LV. In the LV injection Cy5.5 signal in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord was observed within 12 hours after injection, which was maintained until 72 hours after injection. In contrast, Cy5.5 signal was concentrated at the injection site in the CM injection at all time points. Conclusion : These data suggested that the LV might be suitable for preclinical injection route of therapeutics targeting the spinal cord to test their treatment efficacy and biosafety for spinal cord diseases in small animal models.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.221-226
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• 1988

Normal swine brains at 1 to 70 days after birth were used to investigate the presence and morphology of the subependymal layer (SL) in the ventricle walls. The brain samples were taken from 27 pigs of 4 swine breeds. The results were summarized as follows: 1. SLs were observed on the walls of the lateral ventricle (LV) but none were observed on the walls of the 3th and 4th ventricles. 2. SLs of the LV walls were composed of mainly 3-to 10-cell layers in thickness. The thinest region of SLs was composed of only 1-to 2-cell thick on the dorsal and ventral walls, and the thickest region was composed of 250-to 300-cell thick on extension region of the SLs into the angle between the corpus callosum and caudate nucleus. 3. Of the LV parts observed, the SL thickness were 25-to 45-cell thick on the anterior horn, 3-to 10-cell thick on the body, 100-to 220-cell thick on the angle region between the corpus callosum and caudate nucleus, and 3-to 5-cell thick the superior walls of the posterior horn. Also the SL thickness was more thick on the anterior region than those on the posterior region. 4. SLs may be classified as three types by the cell distribution; one type of them is closely arranged cell region with the distinctive lateral margin from the periventricular white matter, the other type is loosely arranged cell region with the undistinctive lateral margin, and another type is two-subdivided region as the loosely and closely arranged cell layers in a layer. 5. SLs were extensively thick in young age but gradually decreased in size and cell number with age after 20-day age. SL layers were composed of mainly oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and immature cells of them. Morphological differences of SL in different breeds of pigs were not observed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.548-551
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• 1993

Calcified right ventricular thrombi are very rare.One case of large clacified thrombus in right ventricle being seen in a 65-year old man, is presented. He had dyspnea and generalized edema.The chest film showed a large calcified mass in cardiac shadow especially in lateral view.On echocardiography and chest computed tomography, large calcified mass density occupied nearly entire right ventricular outflow tract.The mass removal was performed through right ventriculotomny.The mass was whitish, stony hard, measured 4 cm x 4.5 cm x 8 cm, tightly attached to right ventricular infundibular septum and ventriculoinfundibular fold.

• 약학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 1976

Effects of Alismatis water extract (AE) on the blood pressure were investigated in the rabbit and the dog. AE, when administered into the vein of rabbit and dog, into the lateral ventricle of rbbit, produced fall of blood pressure. The depressor response of the rabbits to intravenous AE was abolished by treatment with atropine, but not with chlorisondamine weakened the depressor effect of AE. Intravenous AE in this rabbit produced secondary elevation of the blood pressure. AE potentiated the pressor response of the rabbit to norepinephrine and tyramine, but nor to angiotensin, acetylcholine, and DMPP.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.231-239
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• 2000

Objectives : A postoperative hydrocephalus is compromises the clinical outcome of patients with aneurysmal clippings as one of the major complications of SAH. Subdural hygroma is often complicated after aneurysmal clippings, which subsides spontaneously as simple hygroma, or progresses to shunt-dependent hydrocephalus (SDHC). To predict development of SDHC from the hygroma, and to improve clinical outcome of patients with aneurysmal clippings, we analyzed clinical predisposing factors between 2 subgroups, simple hygroma and SDHC. Patients and Methods : A retrospective study of 232 consecutive cases of clipped aneurysmal patient was undertaken in our hospital for last two years. The 46 patients(19.8%) developed hygromas after aneurysmal clippings. There were 22 cases with simple hygroma(9.5%), and 24 patients with SDHC(10.3%). Comparison of 2 subgroups was made for various clinical and radiological factors. Results : Older age(p＝0.03), poor preoperative clinical grade(p＝0.01), high Fisher grade(p＝0.005), large amount of hygroma(p＝0.014) and increased size of lateral ventricle ipsilateral to hygroma(p＝0.001) were correlated significantly with SDHC. There was no statistical significance in sex, aneurysmal location and presence of acute preoperative ventricular dilatation between 2 subgroups. Conclusion : The clinical factors, such as older age, poor preoperative clinical grade, high Fisher grade, large amount of hygroma and increased size of lateral ventricle ipsilateral to hygroma showed statistical sinificance for differentiating SDHC from simple hygroma.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 1982

This study was carried out in order to clarify whether the cardiovascular effect of prostaglandin(PG) $F_{2{\alpha}}$ might be centrally mediated. In unrestrained conscious rat, $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ was administered into the lateral ventricle. The mechanism of action was also studied by observing the interaction with several adrenergic antagonists injected subcutaneously, Indomethacin was administered into lateral ventricle to investigate the role of endogenous $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ on the central regulation of cardiovascular system. The results were as follows: 1) The intraventricular injection of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ produced an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. 2) The pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (2 mg/g, s.c.) inhited pressor, but not heart rate responses to the intraventricular injection of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ $(2{\mu}g/kg)$. 3) The pretreatment with propranolol (1 mg/kg, s.c.) inhibited tachycardia, but not pressor responses to the intraventricular injection of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}(2{\mu}g/kg)$. 4) The intraventricular injection of indomethacin $(40{\mu}g/kg)$ could not induce significant changes in blood preesure and heart rate. 5) The result indicates that intraventricular injection of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ produces pressor and tachycardia responses in the unanesthetized rat, and it is mediated primarily by centrally increased sympathetic outflow. But the endogenous $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ synthetized in the brain seems to play minor role in the direct regulation of cardiovascular system.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1997

Changes in glutamatergic nervous activities following intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A) were studied in rats. The levels of total glutamate, those of glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in extracellular fluid (ECF) of striatum, the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and the specific binding sites of $[^3H]$MK801 in striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex were assessed a week after the infusion of AF64A (3 nmol) into lateral ventricle. The levels of total glutamate were significantly decreased in striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex after AF64A treatment. Although the levels of glutamate in CSF weren't changed after AF64A treatment, the levels of glutamate in ECF of striatum were significantly decreased (62.6%). GS activities in striatum were significantly decreased. But, glutaminase activities in striatum were significantly increased. However, the activities of GS and glutaminase in frontal cortex and hippocampus weren't changed. Although GDH activities in frontal cortex were significantly decreased, those in striatum and hippocampus weren't altered. The striatal densities of $[^3H]$MK 801 binding sites were increased without changes in its affinity. Also, the specific binding sites of $[^3H]$MK801 were increased in frontal cortex but not in hippocampus. These results indicate that the glutamatergic nervous activities were altered with the infusion of AF64A into lateral ventricle. Furthermore, it suggest that the decreased levels of glutamate after AF64A treatment may affect the change in the other parameters of glutamatergic neuronal activities.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2008

The neurotoxicity of C-terminal fragments of amyloid precusor protein (CT) is known to play some roles in Alzheimer's disease progression. In this study, we investigated the effects of the recombinant C-terminal 105 amino acid fragment of amyloid precusor protein (CT105) on cholinergic function using CT105-injected rat. To study the effects of CT105 on septohippocampal pathway, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) positive neurons were examined in the medial septum and in the diagonal band after an injection of CT105 peptide into the lateral ventricle. Immunohistological analysis revealed that the number of ChAT-immunopositive cells decreased significantly in both medial septum and diagonal band. In addition, CT105 decreased ChAT-immunopositive cells in the hippocampal area, particulary in the dentate gyros. To study the effect of amyloid beta peptide ($A{\beta}$) and CT105 on the cholinergic system, each peptide was injected into the left lateral ventricle, and acetylcholine (ACh) levels were monitored in hippocampus. ACh level in the hippocampal area was reduced to 60% of control level in $A{\beta}$-treated group, and the level was reduced to 15% of control level in CT105-treated group, at one week after the injection. ACh level was further reduced to 35% of control in $A{\beta}$-treated group, whereas the level was slightly increased to 30% of control in CT105-treated group at 4 weeks after the injection. Taken together, the results in the present study suggest that CT105 impairs the septohippocampal pathway by reducing acetylcholine synthesis and release, which results in damage of learning and memory.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 제4회 추계심포지움
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• pp.99-113
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• 1996

Taurine, a ${\beta}$-amino acid, plays an important role as a neuromodulator and is necessary for the normal development of the brain. Since de novo synthesis of taurine in the brain is minimal and in vivo studies suggest that taurine does not cross the blood-brain barrier, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier is likely to play a role in taurine transport between the central nervous system and the systemic circulation. Therefore, we examined in vivo elimination of taurine from the CSF in the rat to characterize in vivo kinetics of elimination for taurine from the CSF is consistent with the in vitro study. Using a stereotaxic device, cannulaes were placed into the lateral ventricle and the cisterna magna of the rat. Radio-labelled taurine and inulin (a marker of CSF flow) were injected into the lateral ventricle, and the concentrations of the labelled compounds in the CSF were monitored for up to 3 hrs in the cisterna magna. The apparent clearance of taurine from CSF was greater than the estimated CSF flow (p<0.005), indicating that there is a clearance process in addition to the CSF flow. Taurine distribution into the choroid plexus was at least 10 fold higher than that found in other brain areas (e.g., cerebellum, olfactory bulb and cortex). When unlabelled taurine was co-administered with radio-labelled taurine, the apparent clearance of the labeled taurine was reduced (p<0.01), suggesting a saturable disposition of taurine from CSF. Distribution of taurine into the choroid plexus, cerebellum, olfactory bulb and cortex was similarly diminished, indicating that the saturable uptake of taurine into these tissues is responsible for the non-linear disposition. A pharmacokinetic model involving first order elimination and saturable distribution described these data adequately. The Michaelis-Menten rate constant estimated from in vivo elimination study is similar to that obtained in the in vitro uptake experiment Collectively, our results demonstrate that taurine is transported in the choroid plexus via a taurine is cleared from the CSF via a saturable process. This process may be functionally relevant to taurine homeostasis in the brain.