• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1777-1782
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• 2007

Beef producers are trying to produce not only better quality but also greater quantity of beef in order to meet the preferences of some consumers at a lower cost. This can be accomplished if we understand the factors regulating lipid deposition in intramuscular adipose tissue and the tenderness of meat. Propylene glycol (PG) might be used as a precursor of intramuscular fat synthesis especially in the late period of fattening because adipose tissue in ruminants is thought to mature sequentially in abdominal, intermuscular, subcutaneous and intramuscular depots. The action of cholecalciferol supplementation has been verified in producing more tender meat through the enhancement of calpain activity over the postmortem ageing period. A synergistic effect can be expected if the dietary cation and anion difference (DCAD) technique is used in combination with dietary supplementation of cholecalciferol. In another approach, the optimization of hormonal implant use also may provide similarly marbled beef at a much lower cost.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.388-401
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the total digestible nutrients (TDN) level of commercial concentrates on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat composition of late fattening Hanwoo steers. A total of 28 steers were randomly assigned to one of four dietary groups; T1 (73.30% TDN), T2 (74.50% TDN), T3 (76.40% TDN), and T4 (77.10% TDN). Average daily gain (ADG) was slightly but not significantly higher in the T2 than in the other treatments. Dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in the T2 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Carcass back fat thickness was thicker in the T4 and marbling score was higher in the T2 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The TDN level of concentrates had no effect on the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle. The finding of this study indicate that less than 74% or greater than 75% TDN in the commercial concentrate did not contribute to improve ADG, FCR, marbling score; therefore, in the present study, the recommendable TDN level in the commercial concentrate for late fattening period was 74% to 75% in terms of growth performance and marbling score of Hanwoo steer.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2016

An in vitro trial was conducted to examine the effects of total mixed rations (TMR) on fermentation characteristics and effective degradability (ED) by rumen microbes. Three TMR diets were growing period TMR (GR-TMR, 67% TDN), early fattening period TMR (EF-TMR, 75.4% TDN) and late fattening TMR (LF-TMR, 80% TDN). Three TMR diets (3 g of TMRs in each incubation bottles) was added to the mixed culture solution of stained rumen fluid with artificial saliva (1:1, v/v) and incubated anaerobically for 48 hours at $39^{\circ}C$. The pH in all incubation solutions tended to decrease up to 48h, but the opposite results were found in concentration of total gas production, ammonia-N and total VFA in all incubations.The total gas production (p<0.05) in LF-TMR was highest compared with those of other diets. Also, concentration of total VFA was tended to increase in LF-TMR compared with other TMR diets in all incubations. The EDDM in both EF-TMR and LF-TMR was tended to high compared with GR-TMR (p=0.100). In this in vitro trials, concentration of propionate in all incubation solution was not affected by increased concentration of TDN. The results of the present in vitro study indicate that TMR may provide more favorable condition for nutrient digestion both in the rumen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1140-1149
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• 2015

This research aimed to define the energy requirement of Dorper and Hu Hybrid $F_1$ ewes 20 to 50 kg of body weight, furthermore to study energy requirement changes with age and evaluate the effect of age on energy requirement parameters. In comparative slaughter trial, thirty animals were divided into three dry matter intake treatments (ad libitum, n = 18; low restricted, n = 6; high restricted, n = 6), and were all slaughtered as baseline, intermediate, and final slaughter groups, to calculate body chemical components and energy retained. In digestibility trial, twelve ewes were housed in individual metabolic cages and randomly assigned to three feeding treatments in accordance with the design of a comparative slaughter trial, to evaluate dietary energetic values at different feed intake levels. The combined data indicated that, with increasing age, the net energy requirement for maintenance ($NE_m$) decreased from $260.62{\pm}13.21$ to $250.61{\pm}11.79kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of shrunk body weight (SBW)/d, and metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) decreased from $401.99{\pm}20.31$ to $371.23{\pm}17.47kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of SBW/d. Partial efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance ($k_m$, 0.65 vs 0.68) and growth ($k_g$, 0.42 vs 0.41) did not differ (p>0.05) due to age; At the similar condition of average daily gain, net energy requirements for growth ($NE_g$) and metabolizable energy requirements for growth ($ME_g$) for ewes during late fattening period were 23% and 25% greater than corresponding values of ewes during early fattening period. In conclusion, the effect of age upon energy requirement parameters in the present study were similar in tendency with previous recommendations, values of energy requirement for growth ($NE_g$ and $ME_g$) for Dorper and Hu crossbred female lambs ranged between the NRC (2007) recommendation for early and later maturating growing sheep.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.749-755
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the physico-chemical properties of Holstein steer beef loin (M. longissimus dorsi) and top round (M. semimembranosus) from 18, 21 and 24-mon old. The loin and top round muscles from the 24-mon group had higher intramuscular fat content (%) than the other groups (p<0.05); however, the protein content was not significantly different among the 3 groups (p>0.05). With regard to meat color (CIE), the lightness ($L^*$), redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) values of the loin were significantly higher for the 21- and 24-mon groups, and those of the top round were significantly higher for the 21-mon group than the same cuts in the other groups. The Warner-Bratzler shear force was the lowest at 24 mon for both the loin and top round muscles (3.69 kg); however, the water holding capacity was significantly higher for loin muscles from the 21-mon group (54.53%, p<0.05). The loin muscles from the 24-mon group contained significantly higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acid and significantly lower levels of saturated fatty acid than those in the other groups (p<0.05). The tenderness, juiciness, flavor-likeness and the overall-likeness scores were significantly higher for beef from the 21- and 24-mon groups than that from the 18-mon group. The results of this study indicate that both the slaughtering age and muscle type significantly affect meat quality. Therefore, fattening the beef for more than 4 mon during the late fattening stage would be advantageous for the meat quality of Holstein steers.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2012

본 연구는 육질향상을 위한 여러가지 첨가물질을 홀스타인 거세우의 성장과 도체특성에 미치는 급여효과를 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 생후 5개월령 평균체중 176.6 kg, 홀스타인 거세우 24두를 3처리 8반복으로 완전 임의 배치하여 사양시험을 수행하였다. 처리구는 대조구(무첨가구), T1 (Vitamin C, 아연 및 유황 급여구) 및 T2 (콜린 및 라이신 급여구)로 배치하였다. 일당증체량은 육성기와 비육전기에서는 처리구별 차이가 없었지만, 비육후기에서는 T1처리구가 T2 처리구보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). T1 처리구의 출하체중은 다른 처리구 보다 비교적 높았지만 유의적 차이는 없었다. 첨가제는 시험기간 동안 섭취량에 있어 영향을 주지는 않았지만, 비육후기 T1 처리구의 사료요구율이 T2 처리구 보다 유의적으로 낮았다. 육량특성에 있어 도체중 및 육량지수는 그룹간 비슷한 결과를 나타내었지만, 등지방 두께 및 등심단면적은 다른 처리구에 비해 T2 처리구가 비교적 낮았다. 육질특성에서는 육색, 조직감 및 성숙도는 세 처리구에서 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았지만, 근내지방도 및 육질1등급 이상 출현율에 있어서 T2 처리구와 비교하여 T1처리구가 높았다. 따라서, 본 연구의 결과 비타민 C, 아연, 유황첨가는 홀스타인 거세우의 성장 및 도체특성을 향상시키는 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1315-1319
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• 2003

A study was conducted to investigate the development of the digestive organs (rumen, reticulum, abomasums, small intestine, large intestine and rectum) and other internal organs (liver, spleen, lungs and heart) of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) steers fed diets of compound feed and rice straw by the age from 6 to 30 months old. In the experiment, Two hundreds of Hanwoo steers were allocated in one of two compound feed feeding treatments. The treatment groups were 1) feeding level 1 group fed 1.2 to 1.5% compound feed per kg body weight (BW) in the growing period, 1.7 to 1.8% compound feed per kg BW in the early fattening period, and compound feed ad libitum in the late fattening period and 2) feeding level 2 group fed compound feed ad libitum through the whole period. In every two months, eight steers in each group were slaughtered and the length and weight of the organs of the animals were measured. The weight of the reticulo-rumen was higher (p<0.05) in the group 2 at the age of 14 months. The abomasum weight of group 2 was higher than that of group 1 at the ages of 12 (p<0.01) and 20 months (p<0.05). The weights of the liver, lung and heart of steers in the group 2 were higher (p<0.05) than those in group 1 before 18 months old. At the ages of 8 (p<0.1), 10 (p<0.001), 12 (p<0.01), 16 (p<0.01) and 24 months (p<0.05), the abomasum of steers in the group 1 was longer than that in the group 2. The length of liver in both groups was sharply increased from 6 to 8 months old and then the increase was steady, while the length in the group 2 at the age of 12 months was significantly longer (p<0.01) than that in the group 1. The results indicate that the most organs examined showed the higher development in the feeding level 2 than in the feeding level 1 until the age before 18 months when the steers in the feeding level group 1 were given the compound feed ad libitum.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.585-592
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• 2003

본 연구는 사료 중 비타민 A 농도 조절을 통한 고급육 생산 기술 개발을 위한 기초실험의 일환으로, 비타민 A가 거세 한우의 육질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시되었다. 본 연구에서는 (사)한국종축개량협회에서 주관하는 제 4회 전국한우능력평가대회(1999)에 출품된 거세한우 210두와 일반농가 거세한우 118두에 대하여 혈청 및 간장내 비타민 A 농도를 분석하고, 비타민 A 농도와 육질 및 육량 판정 항목들간 상관관계를 조사하였다. 비육전기 거세한우의 혈중 비타민 A 농도는 평균 212.0$\pm$32.7 IU/$d\ell$ 이었으며, 비육말기 거세한우의 혈중 비타민 A 농도는 117.56$\pm$43.15 IU/$d\ell$를 나타내었으며, 비육말기 거세한우의 간장내 비타민 A 농도는 평균 143.62$\pm$110 IU/g로서 개체별, 지역별, 농가별로 큰 변이를 나타내었다. 또한, 거세한우의 혈청내 비타민 A 농도는 근내지방도(r=-0.24, P<0.01), 등심내 조지방 함량(r=-0.21, P<0.01) 및 육질등급(r=-0.20, P<0.01)과 유의한 부(負)의 상관을 나타내었으며, 간장내 비타민 A plamitate는 등심내 조지방 함량(r=-0.18, P<0.01) 및 육질등급(r=-0.16, P<0.05)과 유의한 부(負)의 상관을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 거세한우의 혈청 및 간장내 비타민 A 농도와 근내지방도 및 육질등급간에는 유의한 부(負)의 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 한우 고급육 생산시 사료내 비타민 A 함량을 조절함으로서 근내지방도를 향상시킬 수 있다는 가능성을 시사한다. 그러나 한우 고급육 생산을 위한 거세한우의 사료내 비타민 A의 함량과 급여량 및 급여시기 등에 대한 보다 구체적인 연구가 계속해서 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.989-998
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• 2004

Holstein 거세우 48두를 대상으로 육성기 농후사료 급여수준 및 출하월령에 따른 산육능력 및 도체특성 구명을 위해 6개 처리(T1 : 자유채식 19개월령 출하, T2 : 제한급여 19개월령 출하, T3 : 자유채식 22개월령 출하, T4 : 제한급여 22개월령 출하, T5 : 자유채식 25개월령 출하, T6 : 제한급여 25개월령 출하)를 두어 4개월령부터 25개월령까지 사양시험 후 도체조사를 실시한 결과, 육성기 농후사료 자유채식 및 제한급여에 따른 출하월령별 체중 및 전기간의 일당증체량은 19, 22 및 25개월령에 각각 657.7${\sim}$731.3kg과 1.090${\sim}$1.245kg, 749.0${\sim}$776.5kg과 1.079${\sim}$1.130kg, 그리고 772.4${\sim}$811.9kg과 0.975${\sim}$1.030kg으로, 출하체중은 자유채식보다 제한급여가 그리고 출하월령이 높을수록 높았고, 일당증체량도 자유채식보다 제한급여가 그리고 출하월령이 낮을수록 높았으며, 제한급여가 자유채식보다 약 8.3% 증가하였고 출하월령이 경과됨에 따라 월평균 2.0%씩 감소하였다. 1kg 증체에 소요된 TDN은 평균 6.765kg 이었고, 제한급여가 자유채식보다 8.4% 적게 소요되었고, 출하시기가 1개월 늦어짐에 따라 소요량이 약 4%가 증가되었다. 도체조사 결과, 등지방두께 및 등심단면적은 4.6${\sim}$8.5mm(평균 6.7mm) 및 73.8${\sim}$81.8cm2(평균 77.1cm2)로 자유채식보다 제한급여가 그리고 출하시기가 늦어질수록 두껍거나 넓어졌고, 근내지방도는 1.17${\sim}$3.67(평균 2.46)로 자유채식보다 제한급여가 그리고 출하시기가 늦어질수록 높았다. 경제성 분석결과 총 소득은 537.2${\sim}$1,071.8천원/두으로 자유채식보다 제한급여가 그리고 출하월령이 늦어질수록 높았지만, 월평균 소득은 26.4${\sim}$52.9천원/두으로 T4>T6>T2의 순으로 높았다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, Holstein 거세우 비육시 조사료원이 볏짚일 경우, 육성기에는 농후사료를 체중의 1.9% 수준으로 그리고 비육기에는 자유채식의 형태로 하되, 22${\sim}$25개월령 사이에 출하하는 것이 바람직 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2016

The present study investigated the effect of inclusion of chromium propionate (Cr-P) and lysophopholipid (LPL) in diet on blood parameters and meat quality of Hanwoo steer. Feeding trial was performed from late fattening period to slaughter and blood parameters (insulin, blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration) and meat quality were examined. Total 4 experimental groups including control (no addition), T1 (Cr-P 0.2%), T2 (LPL 0.2%) and T3 (Cr-P 0.1% + LPL 0.1%) were employed. For blood parameters, insulin concentration in T1 and T3 showed an elevating patterns from $3.13{\mu}U/mL$ to $3.35{\mu}U/mL$ (T1) and from $4.38{\mu}U/mL$ to $5.23{\mu}U/mL$ (T3). The changes of NEFA in all groups were detected as a decreasing patterns according to days of feeding. However, significant difference was not found. In growth performance, T2 showed greater daily gain and T1 showed greater carcass yield compared to others. However, there were no significance in difference. In meat quality, T1 showed greater yield and intra-muscular fat levels and lower sharing force compared to others. However, significant differences were not detected.