• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 1985

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of maturity and intake on digestibility of grass hay harvested at different dates. Hay was prepared from first-growth forage which cutting dates were: 4 June (vegetative, called early-cut) 30 June (heading, called late-cut). The grass hay fed to wethers at restricted and ad libitum levels of intake. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. As delay in cutting date, contents of crude protein and crude fat decreased, while fibre and lignin increased. 2. On ad libitum feeding of early-cut and late-cut hay, the DM intake were $82g/W_{kg}^{0.75}\;and\;68g/W_{kg}^{0.75}$ respectively. 3. There was no significant difference in dry matter digestibility of early-cut hay between restricted and ad libitum feeding, but dry matter digestibility was decreased markedly in ad libitum feeding when leaves fecal condition out of account. Digestibility of crude protein, organic matter and fibre contained in early-cut hay were tended to decrease slightly in ad libitum when compared with restricted feeding, but were not significantly. 4. Digestibilities decreased significantly with increase of intake in late-cut except for crude protein (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 5. In the comparison of digestibility for all composition, early-cut hay was higher (P<0.01) than late-cut hay.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1991-2000
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• 2018

Objective: Triplet-born lambs are less likely to survive to weaning than twin-born or single-born lambs. Appropriate ewe-lamb bonding behaviours and lamb vigour behaviours are necessary for survival of lambs. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether maternal nutrition during late pregnancy influenced behaviour of the ewe and her lambs soon after birth, and to determine whether mid-pregnancy body condition score (BCS) influenced any behavioural response. Methods: The experiments included ewes that were in BCS 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0 in mid-pregnancy and were fed either ad libitum or to pregnancy-maintenance requirements in late-pregnancy (day 115 until 136 in experiment one, and day 128 until 141 in experiment two). The time taken for lambs to stand, contact dam, suck from dam and follow dam was recorded three to 18 h after birth. The number of high- and low-pitched bleats emitted by the ewe and lambs was recorded, along with maternal behaviour score (MBS) of the ewe. Lambs in experiment two underwent a maternal-recognition test at 12 or 24 h. Results: There were significant effects of feeding treatment on bleating behaviour of ewes and lambs, but these were inconsistent among BCS groups and between experiments. Lamb vigour behaviours were not affected by feeding treatment. In experiment one, there was no effect of feeding treatment or BCS on MBS, but in experiment two, ewes in BCS3 in mid-pregnancy had greater MBS than ewes in BCS2 in mid-pregnancy (MBS 3.1/5 vs MBS 2.1/5; p<0.05). Conclusion: Given there were no repeatable effects on behaviour of ewes and lambs, ad libitum feeding rather than feeding for pregnancy-maintenance requirements cannot be used to improve behaviours soon after birth of triplet-bearing ewes in BCS 2-3 and their lambs in extensive pastoral conditions.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.177-184
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• 2021

Sex identification in day-old chicks is essential in the poultry industry. Currently, the feather-sexing using a sex-linked inheritance is a chick sexing method used extensively in the poultry industry. For chicks produced by feather-sexing, all females are early-feathering (EF) chicks and all males are late-feathering (LF) chicks. Therefore, investigating the effects of EF and LF phenotypes on production traits of chickens is critical. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the production performance between EF and LF chickens in Korean native commercial chickens. The results showed that the survival rate of the EF chickens was significantly higher than that of the LF chickens, from hatching to 12 weeks of age (P<0.05), with the highest difference observed in females. However, no significant difference was observed in body weight between the EF and LF chickens at almost all ages. In addition, no significant difference was observed between in feed utility, such as average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio, between the EF and LF groups. In conclusion, although the survival rate of early-feathering chickens was superior to that of late-feathering chickens, no significant difference was observed in growth performance and feed utility among Korean native chickens. The results suggest that production capacity is not influenced by feathering type in the establishment of a breeder structure and production system for feather-sexing Korean native chickens, which is valuable for the practical application of feather-sexing in the poultry industry.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2005

This study is purposed to provide new idea for developing high value added fashion goods by studying relief effects of fashion design. Based on prior researches, various ways to give relief effects were searched and then modern fashion design cases were looked for which were referred to fashion-related magazines and collection-related internet sites since the late 1990s. The ways for relief effects are weaving, industrial finishing, sewing technique. Weaving techniques are about fancy yarns, variation of weaving structure, pile weave. Industrial finishing techniques which can make relief effects are embossing, heat-setting, shearing, pliss, burn out, flocking. Sewing techniques are quilting, pleats, embroidery, slash, attachment in accordance with the way to produce relief effects. The forms of relief effects are tactile pattern that cannot be seen in the distance, subtle relief pattern which is more three-dimensional than tactile pattern, rhythmical relief pattern, sculptural pattern, and deep-volumed pattern. The present research can provide practical data for design by studying techniques of relief effects and collecting and arranging design cases that have been sporadically carried out. The study on relief and unique surface effects can be a way to effectively stimulate and express emotions of modern people with various taste and individuality.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.392-399
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• 2013

This study aimed to investigate responses of photosynthesis, plant growth, and phytochemical contents to different artificial light sources for 'Seneca RZ' and 'Gaugin RZ' two butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). In this study, fluorescent lamps (FL), three colors LEDs (red, blue and white, 5 : 4 : 1; RBW) and metalhalide lamps (MH) were used as artificial lighting sources. Photoperiod, air temperature, relative humidity, EC, and pH in a cultivation system were maintained at 16/8 h, $25/15^{\circ}C$, 60~70%, $1.4{\pm}0.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and $6.0{\pm}0.5$, respectively. The photosynthetic rate of both two butterhead lettuce were the highest under RBW in middle growth stage. However, in late growth stage, the photosynthetic rate of both two butterhead lettuce were higher under RBW and MH than FL. The light sources showed significant results for plant growth but those effects were different to variety. Fresh and dry weight of 'Gaugin RZ' butterhead lettuce under MH were heavier than other lights in all growth stages. Growth of 'Seneca RZ' butterhead lettuce was maximized highest under MH in middle growth stage and FL in late growth stage. In the leaf tissue of 'Seneca RZ' butterhead lettuce, tipburn symptom occurred under all light sources and in the leaf tissue of 'Gaugin RZ' butterhead lettuce, it occurred under two light sources except for fluorescent lamps in late growth stage. kinds of lamp affect plant growth more than plant quality. Relative growth rate of both two butterhead lettuce was faster in middle growth stage than late stage. Growth of 'Gaugin RZ' was shown by kinds of lamp in middle growth stage and but it was not significantly affected by light sources and variety in late stage. Most of the phytochemical contents of two butterhead lettuce were significantly affected by different light sources. Contents of all vitamins showed higher than other light sources on RBW for both two lettuce, especially ${\beta}$-Carotene content of 'Gaugin RZ' was the highest. Plant growth, photosynthesis, and phytochemical contents were observed significant effects by different light sources for two butterhead lettuce but those effects were highly different between variety and kinds of phytochemicals. Therefore, the selection of optimum light source should be considered by variety and kinds of phytochemicals in the plant factory.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.15-32
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• 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine mechanisms by which the characteristics of child temperament influences academic achievement in late childhood. It was hypothesized that the effects of child temperament on achievement would be mediated by assertive behavior on the part of children and maternal parenting behavior. Data for this study came from self-report questionnaires completed by 657 elementary school children (343 boys, 314 girls). The results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that child temperament affected academic achievement through both assertive behavior and maternal parenting behavior; this was evidenced across the entire sample. Child temperament (approach-withdrawal, mood quality, persistence) also had a number of positive effects on assertive behavior (directiveness, social assertiveness, defense of rights and interests) and maternal parental behavior (warmth-acceptance, guidance). These results were found to be the case for both boys and girls. The results of this study further revealed that maternal parenting behavior mediated the relationship between child temperament and achievement for boys, whereas assertive behavior played the same role for girls. These findings suggest the need for different approaches in developing programs to improve levels of academic achievement which give due consideration to child temperament and social behavior as well as parenting, based on child gender.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1771-1777
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• 2012

The impact of anatomic resection (AR) as compared to non-anatomic resection (NAR) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a factor for preventing intra-hepatic and local recurrence after the initial surgical procedure remains controversial. A systematic review and meta-analysis of nonrandomized trials comparing anatomic resection with non-anatomic resection for HCC published from 1990 to 2010 in PubMed and Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Science Citation Index were therefore performed. Intra-hepatic recurrence, including early and late, and local recurrence were considered as primary outcomes. As secondary outcomes, 5 year survival and 5 year disease-free survival were considered. Pooled effects were calculated utilizing either fixed effects or random effects models. Eleven non-randomized studies including 1,576 patients were identified and analyzed, with 810 patients in the AR group and 766 in the NAR group. Patients in the AR group were characterized by lower prevalence of cirrhosis, more favorable hepatic function, and larger tumor size and higher prevalence of macrovascular invasion compared with patients in the NAR group. Anatomic resection significantly reduced the risks of local recurrence and achieved a better 5 years disease-free survival. Also, anatomic resection was marginally effective for decreasing the early intra-hepatic recurrence. However, it was not advantageous in preventing late intra-hepatic recurrence compared with non-anatomic resection. No differences were found between AR and NAR with respect to postoperative morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization. Anatomic resection can be recommended as superior to non-anatomic resection in terms of reducing the risks of local recurrence, early intra-hepatic recurrence and achieving a better 5 year disease-free survival in HCC patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.792-798
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• 2010

Four experiments with 2,020 nursery pigs (Triumph-4${\times}$PIC Camborough 22) were conducted at a commercial research site to evaluate the effects of including 30% distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) in late nursery diets on pig growth performance and to compare the effects of pelleted and meal diets containing 30% DDGS on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 1, 312 pigs (10.54${\pm}$0.16 kg) were allotted to two diets: corn-soybean meal based control diet and a corn-soybean meal diet containing 30% DDGS. In Exp. 2, 337 pigs (16.70${\pm}$0.14 kg) were used to validate Exp. 1 with similar diets. In Exp. 3, 665 pigs (11.77${\pm}$0.12 kg) were allotted to diets containing 30% DDGS, but in different forms: meal or pellet. Fecal samples were collected during the final day of the trials to measure nutrient and energy apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). In Exp. 4, 706 pigs (18.40${\pm}$0.18 kg) were allotted to the same diets as Exp. 3. In Exp. 1 and 2, there was no (p>0.05) effect of DDGS on ADG, ADFI or G:F. In Exp. 3, pelleting improved (p<0.01) ADG (578 vs. 541 g/d) and G:F (714 vs. 674 g/kg), with no difference (p>0.05) in ADFI. The ATTD of most nutrients and energy were improved by pelleting (p<0.05). In Exp. 4, ADG (717 vs. 675 g/d) and G:F (680 vs. 648 g/kg) were improved by pelleting (p<0.01), with no difference (p>0.05) in ADFI. In conclusion, 10-23 kg pigs in late nursery phase can be fed up to 30% DDGS without having a detrimental effect on pig performance, and pelleting the diet will increase nutrient and energy availability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.540-572
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• 2011

The present review focuses on the effects of energy intake on performance, changes in body tissue during lactation, and metabolic parameters in dairy cows. Especially, pre-partum nutrition and its influence on lactation are emphasized. In recent decades the increase in genetic potential of dairy cows has increased milk yield. This fact sharpens the problem of a negative energy balance in early lactation because the amount of energy required for maintenance and milk production exceeds the amount of energy cows can consume. Around parturition, reduced feed intake reinforces the situation. Continuing negative energy balance causes decreasing milk yield, fertility problems, and incidence of metabolic diseases. Hence, the cow has to rely on body reserves that were stored in late lactation and the dry period. It is evident that the nutritional status pre-partum acts as the key factor for milk yield and fertility parameters in the following lactation. Cows overfed during the foregoing gestation and which have gained large quantities of body fat have lower dry matter intake along with the need to mobilize larger quantities of body reserves in lactation. The milk yield in the following lactation is lower than in cows fed according to their requirements. Cows restrictively fed in late gestation have a higher feed intake in lactation and a lower mobilization of body reserves. The effect of energy intake post-partum plays only a minor role for performance parameters in lactation. Lipid mobilized from body reserves makes a substantial contribution to the energetic cost of milk production in early lactation and adipose tissue undergoes specific metabolic alterations. Adipose tissue is degraded to free fatty acids, which are used in liver for energy purposes. High lipid mobilisation promotes the development of a fatty liver and therefore a reduced gluconeogenesis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.61-74
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate analgesic effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZM) pharmacopuncture on formalin-induced pains in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and ICR-mice. Methods : The subjects were divided 8 weeks aged rats with constant pain sensitivity into five groups; normal (treated with normal saline at Taegye (KI3) and before injected with normal saline at hindpaw), Con-1 (treated with normal saline at KI3 before injected with formalin at hindpaw), Lido-1 (treated with lidocaine at KI3), ZMWG-1 (treated with Hot water extraction pharmacopuncture of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim at KI3), ZMEG-1 (treated with ethanol extraction pharmacopuncture of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim at KI3). After 35 minutes, we measured ultrasonic vocalization (USV) and enzyme activities of both Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in rat serum. In addition, Tail flick test is performed by injecting ICR mice at 5 weeks of age. And it classified into 4 groups (Con-2, Lido-2, ZMWG-2, ZMEG-2) according to the kind of drug (normal saline, lidocaine, ZMW, ZME). After each drug injection, we examined the reaction by placing the tail in water at $50^{\circ}C$. Results : ZME had analgesic effects in the early and late phase of USV during the formalin test. There were no significant differences between ZMEG-1 and Lido-1 in early and late phase of USV. Also, No significant differences observed in serum AST and ALT activity in ZMWG-1 and ZMEG-1 compared with Con-1. For tail-flick test, analgesic effect on warmth significantly increased in Lido-2 and ZMEG-2 compare to that of Con-2. Conclusion : ZME pharmacopuncture had analgesic effects on formalin-induced pain without liver toxicity. Also, tail-flick test suggest that ZME pharmacopuncture could be useful technique on analgesic effect on warmth and treatment of pains.