• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.337-347
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• 1994

Breast conserving surgery and irradiation is now accepted as preferable treatment method for the patients with stage I and II breast cancer. Our institution activated team approach for breast conservation in 1991 and treated one hundred and fourty patients during the next three years. Purpose : To present our early experience with eligibility criteria, treatment techniques, and the morbidities of primary radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Sixty four patients with early stage breast cancer who received breast conserving treatment between January 1991 and December 1992 were evaluated. All patients received partial mastectomy(wide excision to quadrantectomy) and axillary node dissection followed by radiotherapy. Total dose of 4500-5040 cGy in 5-5 1/2 weeks was given to entire involved breast and boost dose of 1000-2000 cGy in 1-2 weeks was given to the primary tumor site. Linac 4 MV X-ray was used for breast irradiation and electron beam was used for boost. Thirty five Patients received chemotherapy before or after radiotherapy. Patients characteristics, treatment techniques, and treatment related morbidities were analyzed. Results : Age distribution was ranged from 23 to 59 year old with median age of 40. Twenty-seven patients had T1 lesions and 34 patients had T2 lesions. In three patients, pathologic diagnosis was ductal carcinoma in situ. Thirty-seven Patients were N0 and 27 patients were Nl. There were three recurrences, one in the breast and two distant metastases during follow-up period(6-30 months, median 14 months). Only one breast recurrence occured at undetected separate lesion with microcalcifications on initial mammogram. There was no serious side reaction which interrupted treatment courses or severe late complication. Only one symptomatic radiation pneumonitis and one asymptomatic radiation pneumonitis were noted. Conclusions: Conservative surgery and primary radiotherapy for early breast cancer is Proven to be safe and comfortable treatment method without any major complication. Long-term follow up is needed to evaluate our treatment results in terms of loco-regional control rate, survival rate, and cosmetic effect.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.206-214
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• 2002

Purpose : The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness, survival rate and complications of radiation therapy and chemoradiation treatment in hypopharyngeal cancer. Methods and Materials : From January 1984 to December 1999, 56 patients who had hypopharyngeal carcinoma treated with curative radiation therapy were retrospectively studied. Twenty four patients $(42.9\%)$ were treated with radiation therapy alone (Group I) and $32\;(57.1\%)$ treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation (Group II). Total radiation dose ranged from 40.5 to 83. 5 Gy (median 67.9 Gy). Radiotherapy was given with conventional technique in 9 patients $(16.4\%)$, with hyperfractionation I ($1.15\~1.2$ Gy/fr., BID) in 26 $(47.2\%)$, hyperfractionation II (1.35 Gy/fr., BID) in 18 $(32.7\%)$, and accelerated fractionation (1.6 Gy/fr., BID) in 2 $(3.6\%)$. In chemotherapy, 5-FU ($1,000\;mg/m^2$ daily for 5 consecutive days) and cisplatin ($100\;mg/m^2$ on day 1) were administered in a cycle of 3 weeks interval, and a total of 1 to 3 cycles (average 2..3 cycles) were given prior to radiation therapy. Follow up duration was $1\~195$ months (median 28 months). Results : Overall 2 and 5 year survival rates were $40.6\%\;and\;27.6\%;\;50.0\%\;and\;30.0\%$ in Group I, and $36.4\%\;and\;26.3\%$ in Group II, respectively. Complete local control rates in Group I and II were $70.0\%\;and\;67.7\%$, respectively. The response to radiotherapy and nodal stage were statistically significant prognostic factors. The complication rate was increased in Group II and was decreased in hyperfractionation. Conclusion : The response to radiotherapy and nodal stage were valid factors to indicate the degree of control over the hypopharyngeal cancer. The induction cisplatin, 5-Fu chemotherapy was not valid in terms of local control rate and survival rate, but did contribute to an increased complication rate. The use of hyperfractionation was valid to reduce the late radiation complications.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.983-988
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• 1996

Aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is fairly rare. Between 1987 and 1994, we operated on a total of 12 cases of aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva at the Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital. This represents 0.7% of all cardiac operation under cardiopulmonary bypass. There were eight male and four female patients aged from 8 to 38 years(mean, 19.2 years). 8 of 12 patients had ruptured aneurysms. The origin of aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva was the right coronary sinus in 10(83. 3%), and the noncoronary sinus in 2(16.6%). In ruptured aneurysm, the origin was the right oronary sinus in 6, and the noncoronary sinus in 2. The aneurysms originating from the right coronary sinus ruptured into the right ventricle in 5, and into both the right atrium and right ventricle in 1. The aneurysms originating from the noncoronary sinus ruptured into the right ventricle in 1, and into the right atrium in 1. Associated congenital cardiac defects included ventricular septal defect in 10(83.3%) patients 39 cases of these were associated with the aneurysms of the right coronary sinus), aortic regurgi- tation in 3 (all of these had an additional ventricular septal defect), mitral regurgitation in 1, and double chambered right ventricle in 1. No hospital deaths occurred, although one late death occurred as a result of endocarditis 15 months after the first operation. The mean follow-up period was 29 months, range from 4 to 60 months. Eleven patients except one late death were in New York Heart Association class 1. Due to the low mortality risk o( an operation for aneur sm of the sinus of Valsalva, a ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva should be corrected surgically when the diagnosis is mane, and unruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsava with complication should also be operated. In most cases the aorta was opened to examine the morphology of the aneurysm and the aortic cusps, and an associated aortic valve defect should be corrected simultaneously.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1095-1101
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• 1996

From July 1983 to June 1995, 95 consecutive patients with mitral stenosis were treated surgically in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonbuk national University Hospital, mitral valve replacement(MVR) in 62 patients and open mitral commissurotomy(OMC) in 33 patients. Mitral stenosis combined with coronary artery disease, with aortic valve disease, or wish mitral valvular Insufficiency, were excluded from this study. Surgical procedures for mitral stenosis were evaluated, according to complication, reoperation, mor- tality, nd functional change at mid- and long-term postoperative period. Cardiothoracic ratio in the MVR group was greater than the OMC group(0.59 $\pm$0.07 in MVR, 0.53 $\pm$0. 07 in OMC, p<0.05), but other variables(age, sex, MYHA functional classification, EKG finding, echocardiographic finding) did not show significant difference between two groups in the preoperative periods. Even though pathologic valvular lesion(Sellor's pathologic type m: 35 in MVR, 13 in OMC) and valvular calcification(35 in MVR, 11 in OMC) were severe in the MVR group(p=0.001) at intraoperative observation, OMC was possible in 11 patients(23.9%) among 46 patients with valvular calcification and in 13 patients(27.1 %) among 61 patients with Sellor's pathologic type IH . There was no significant difference in early and late mortality, actuarial survival(75% in MVR, 87.6% in OMC at 12 year), but early and late hemorrhagic, thromboembolic complications in the MVR group were greater than in the OMC. Functional changes in NYHA functional classification, EKG lEnding, cardiothoraclc ratio, and echocardiographic finding(EF, LVIDS, LWDd, LAD) did not differ between two groups in mid- and long-term postoperative periods. We conclude that our efforts for preservation of the native valve would be continued, because hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications in the MVR were greater than in the OMC, and OMC was possible even in patients with severely stenotic and calcified mitral valve, although there was no sis-nificant difference in the functional change, mortality, and survival between the M VR and OMC.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 2003

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1 with particular reference to hepatic adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, and to analyze risk factors affecting the development of hepatic adenoma in GSD type 1. Methods: Forty-three GSD type 1 patients (31 males and 12 females, mean age $13.9{\pm}6.4$ years) were analyzed retrospectively. Hepatic adenoma was detected on abdominal USG and diagnosed on histologic examination. Clinical profiles were compared between patients with hepatic adenoma (n=16) and age-matched controls without hepatic adenoma (n=16). Results: 1) Of 43 GSD type 1 patients, 16 (37.2%) had hepatic adeoma. Hepatic adenoma was detected at the age of mean $14.2{\pm}4.1$ years (range: 7.9~25.7 years). Fourteen (87.5%) adenomas were multiple at detection. 2) Comparison of the clinical profiles between adenoma group and non-adenoma group revealed that age at first introduction of uncooked cornstarch treatment was significantly late in adenoma group compared with non-adenoma group ($9.1{\pm}5.2$ years vs. $3.0{\pm}1.8$ years, p=0.003). Portocaval shunt surgery was performed in 11 (68.8%) patients in adenoma group and 3 (18.8%) in non-adenoma group (p=0.004). Hepatic adenoma developed mean $5.8{\pm}4.2$ years after shunt operation. 3) One patient was diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma at the age of 25.7 years. Conclusion: Hepatic adenoma is an important late complication of GSD type 1 with the risk of malignant transformation. Early introduction of cornstarch therapy with strict metabolic control is needed to prevent the development of hepatic adenoma in GSD type 1.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.547-551
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• 2000

Background; The purpose of this study was to analyze the early and midterm results of Cabrol technique to assist in making future decisions on a more adequate technique for repairing aortic root diseases. Material and Method; From August 1993 to July 1999, we performed Cabrol technique in 18 patients ; 12 annuloaortic ectasia, 6 Stanford type A aortic dissection. Male and female ratio was 11;7, mean age was 46.9$\pm$12.3 years and mean follow up period was 22.5$\pm$21.5 months. We analysed the factors influencing postoperative complications and early mortality. The factors were old age(>60 years), high NYHA(>III), preoporative concomitant disease, urgency of operation, concomitant procedure, long pump preoperative concomitant disease, urgency of operation, concomitant procedure, long pump time(>200 minute), and hospital stay time (>30 days). Result; Operative mortality was 11.1%, late mortality was 11.1%, and overall mortality was 22.2%. The causes of operative death were a heart failure and an arrhythmia. The causes of late death were an acute myocardial infarction and an unknown etiology. Postoperative complications were bleeding, wound infection, toxic hepatitis, acute renal failure, and cerebral infarction. The factors influencing postoperative complications were hihg MYHA Fc(>III) (p=0.044), concomitant disease (p=0.044), long pump time(>200 minute)(p=0.015), and concomitant procedure(p=0.004). There were no significant factors influencing early mortality. Conclusion; The lower postoperative bleeding rate and no complication related to tension of anastomosis after Cabrol technique warrant its consideration in patients requiring aortic root replacement, especially without feasible mobilization of coronary arteries. However, to confirm the graft thrombosis, a more detailed study including periodic angiography will be required.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.102-112
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• 2002

This study was undertaken to analyze the outcome of composite valve graftreplacement(CVGR) for the treatment of aneurysms of the ascending aorta involving the aortic root. Material and Method: Between April 1995 and June 2001, 56 patients had replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic root with a composite graft valve and were reviewed retrospectively. Aortic regurgitation was present in 50 patients(89%), Marfan's syndrome in 18 patients(32%), and bicuspid aortic valve in 7(12.5%). The indications for operation were annuloaortic ectasia(AAE) in 30 patients(53.6%), aortic dissection in 13(23.2%), aneurysms of the ascending aorta involving aortic root in 11(19.6%), and aortitis in 2(3.6%). Cardiogenic shock due to the aortic rupture was present in 2 patients. Nine patients(16%) had previous operations on the ascending aorta or open heart surgery. The operative techniques used for CVGR were the aortic button technique in 51 patients(91%), the modified Cabrol technique in 4, and the classic Bentall technique in 1. The concomitant procedures were aortic arch replacement in 24 patients(43%), coronary artery bypass graft in 8(14.3%), mitral valve repair in 2, redo mitral valve replacement in 1, and the others in 7 The mean time of circulatory arrest, total bypass, and aortic crossclamp were 21$\pm$14 minutes, 186$\pm$68 minutes, and 132$\pm$42 minutes, respectively. Result: Early mortality was 1.8%(1/56). The postoperative complications were left ventricular dysfunction in 16 patients(28.6%), reoperation for bleeding in 7(12.5%), pericardial effusion in 2, and the others in 7. Fifty-three patients out of 55 hospital survivors were followed up for a mean of 23.2 $\pm$ 18.7 months(1-75 months). There were two late deaths(3.8%) including one death due to the traumatic cerebral hemorrhage, and CVGR-related late mortality was 1.9%. The 1- and 6-year actuarial survival was 98.1$\pm$1.9% and 93.2$\pm$5.1%, respectively. Two patients required reoperation for complication of CYGR(3.8%) and two other patients required subsequent operations for dissection of the remaining thoracoabdominal aorta. The 1- and 6-year actuarial freedom from reoperation was 97.8$\pm$2.0% and 65.3$\pm$26.7%, respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2003

Purpose: The effects of hypefractionation radiation therapy, such as the failure pattern and survival, on the treatment results in advanced stage head and neck cancer were studied. Materials and Methods: Between September 1990 and October 1998, 24 patients with advanced stage (III, IV) head and neck cancers, were treated using hyperfractionation radiation therapy in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center. The male to female ratio was 7 : 1, and the age range from 38 to 71 years with the median of 56 years. With regard to the TNM stage, 11 patients were stage III and 13 were stage IV. The sites of primary cancer were the nasopharynx in six, the hypopharynx in 6, the larynx in five, the oropharynx in three, the maxillary sinus in three, and the oral cavity in one patient. The radiotherapy was delivered by 6 MV X-ray, with a fraction size of 1.2 Gy at two fractions a day, with at least 6 hours inter-fractional interval. The mean total radiation doses was 72 Gy, (ranging from 64.4 to 75.8 Gy). Follow-up periods ranged between 3 and 136 months, with the median of 52 months. Results: The overall survival rates at 3 and 5 years in all patients were 66.7$\%$, and 52.4$\%$. The disease-free survival rates at 3 and S years (3YDFS, 5YDFS) in all patients were 66.7$\%$ and 47.6$\%$. The 3YDFS and 5YDFS in stage III patients were 81.8$\%$ and 63.6$\%$, and those in stage IV patients were 53.8$\%$ and 32.3$\%$. Ten patients were alive with no local nor distant failures at the time of analyses. Six patients (25$\%$) died due to distant metastasis and 12.5$\%$ died due to local failure. Distant metastasis was the major cause of failure, but 2 patients died due to unknown failures and 3 of other diseases. The distant metastasis sites were the lung (3 patients), the bone (1 patient), and the liver (2 patients). One patient died of second esophageal cancer. There were no severe late complications, with the exception of 1 osteo-radionecrosis of the mandible 58 months after treatment. Conclusion: Although this study was peformed on small patients group, we considered hypefractionated radiation therapy for the treatment of advanced stage head and neck cancer might improve the disease free survival and decrease the local failure with no increase in late complications despite of the slight Increase in acute complications.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.346-352
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• 1998

Rheumatic valvulitis produces at least three distinct pathologic changes, the degree varying widely among the patients: fusion of the valve leaflets at the commissures; fusion and shortening of chordae tendinae: and fibrosis of the leaflets with subsequent stiffening, contraction and calcification. The most extensive changes usually are seen in patients with recurrent attacks of rheumatic fever. We studied on outcome of the surgical treatments of rheumatic valvular diseases that have been experienced for 12 years since 1982 at Pusan National University Hospital. The diagnoses were made by rheumatic fever history, echocardiographic findings, gross operative findings and microscopic findings. Total 502 patients were performed surgery for valvular heart diseases and 440 patients of rheumatic origin have bene analysed. There were more female than male patients as 1.3:1, and the mean age was 37.8 years old. 96.3% of them affected to the mitral valve, 19.8% to aortic valve, 16.3% affected to the tricuspid valve. Most of them underwent valve replacement, and valve repair was done in 3.9% of patients. There were 36 hospital deaths(8.2%) mainly from low cardiac output syndrome, and 15 late deaths equally due to embolism and hemorrhage. Follow up was 90.1% completed(2890 patient- year). Linealized rates of late complication events are follows : thromboembolism 1.3% per patient year; anticoagulant related hemorrhage 0.8% per patient year. Overall actuarial survival including hospital mortality was 92.7＋/-2.9% in 1 year, 88.0＋/-4.5% in 5 year, 82.3＋/-7.7% in 10 year. We conclude that the rheumatic disease is still the most frequent and the most important cause of heart valve disease. So more intensive study is needed in spite of the abrupt decreasing rate of rheumatic fever in U.S.A. and other industrial country.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.2 s.247
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• pp.110-115
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• 2005

Background: The aims of this paper were to review the mid term clinical results and to analyze the preoperative risk factors of isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR). Material and Method: Between January 1992 and February 2003, 80 patients underwent isolated AVR. 58 were male and 22 were female patients, raging from 12 to 75 years of age (mean :$46.8{\pm}13.0$ years). 74 patients except one early death and 5 follow-up loss were contacted by OPD or by telephone. The mean duration of follow-up was $44.2{\pm}29.7$ months and the total cumulative period was 272.8 patient-year. Result: The complications in hospital occurred in 35 cases : 12 wound problems (11 superficial, 1 deep), 11 arrhythmias (9 temporary, 2 persistent), 3 low cardiac output, and so forth. The late deaths were 4 cases : the heart-related deaths were 2 cases ($0.7\%$ patient-year). Conclusion: The risk factors that influenced the early mortality and morbidity were older age (> 60 years)(p=0.04), poor preoperative NYHA functional class (> 3) (p=0.048), high preoperative serum creatinin level (> 1.2 mg/100 ml)(p=0.031), long operation time (aortic clamping time>90 min)(p=0.042). The same factors influenced the late mortality and morbidity. Freedom from valve-related complication was $86.4{\pm}5.3\%,$ actuarial survival rate were $96.8{\pm}2.3\%$ at 3 years and $90.8{\pm}4.6\%$ at 10 years.