• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.98-111
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• 2004

Background and Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference of Fundamental Frequency(Hz), Closed Quotient(Qx ; %), Intensity(dB), Vocal tract length and width(cm), formant frequency(Hz), level of formant frequency(dB) depending on the larynx position. Materials and Methods : One professional male singer(career : 28 years) produced sustained vowel /a/,/e/,/i/,/o/,/u/ in two larynx position (higher, lower) with Dr. Speech and video fluoroscopy was used to quantify the vocal tract morphology. Results : In lower larynx position, CQ is increased 9.8% and Intensity is increased about 10% and level of Formant Frequency is increased. And also Vocal tract length is longer 2.4cm, Vocal tract width(Anterior width : 0.4cm, lateral width : 0.2cm) is wider than in higher larynx position. Conclusions : Singer's formant has a prominent spectrum envelope peak near 2400-2600Hz by clustering of F3, F4 and F5 near 3400Hz in lower larynx position.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1998

Changes in the human voice occur between infancy and old age and reflect a myriad of biological changes that influence the size, shape, and physical properties of the larynx. The human larynx is located near the base of the neck and attached inferiorly to the trachea and opens superiorly into the pharynx. The larynx by the third month of fetal life has the same features recognizable at birth. The fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration generally becomes higher in early age, lower in middle age, and higher in old age. These decreases in Fo undoubtedly result from a combination of factors, consisting of modest increase in length and mass of the muscle and connective tissues of the vocal fold. But the level of the larynx in the neck may be closely connected with Fo directly, high larynx in related with high pitch and low larynx with low pitch. The purpose of this study is to determine the developmental level difference from child to adult larynx using conventional radiography, and the change of speaking fundamental frequency from second decade to sixth decade.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 남성 뮤지컬 전공 학생의 발성 시 고, 중, 저의 후두 높이 조건에 따른 음향학적 측정치를 비교하고자 하였다. 또한 휴식 시 후두 융기의 높이를 기준으로 후두의 상대적 높이와 음향학적 측정치 간의 상관관계를 알아보고, 후두의 상대적 높이에 대한 예측 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 남성 뮤지컬 가창 전공 남학생 5명이었으며, 고, 중, 저의 후두 위치에서 발성한 /아/ 모음을 각각 10회씩 발성하도록 하여 음향학적 분석을 시행하였다. 발성 시, 휴식 시를 기준으로 고, 중, 저 위치에서의 후두 융기의 상대적 수직 위치를 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 후두의 상대적 위치는 휴식 시를 기준으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 후두가 하강함에 따라 포먼트 주파수는 감소한 반면, 해당 주파수에서의 스펙트럼 에너지는 증가하였다. 포먼트 주파수는 후두의 상대적 높이와 약함-중간 수준의 정적 상관관계를, 스펙트럼 에너지는 중간 수준의 부적 상관관계를 보였다. 후두의 상대적 높이는 8개의 음향학적 측정치에 의해 예측되었다(수정된 R²=.829). 이를 통하여 비침습적인 방법으로 후두의 상대적 높이를 예측할 수 있는 가능성을 일부 확인하였다.

• 대한기관식도과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1983년도 제17차 학술대회연제순서 및 초록
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• pp.10.4-11
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• 1983

현대의학의 발달에 따라 병인을 규명하기 위하여 세밀한 관찰과 자료획득이 가능한 각종 내시경이 대두되기에 이르렀다. 이의 일종인 내시경적 성대경으로 종래에는 보기 힘들었던 병변의 관찰은 물론 사진촬영이 동시에 이루어질 수 있어서 병변의 조기발견과 함께 귀중한 자료가 얻어질 수 있게 되었다. 과거 5년 동안 이화여자대학교 의과대학 부속병원 이비인후과 외래에서 시행한 성대경 사용경험에 따른 장단점과 사진촬영으로 얻은 자료를 중심으로 그 결과를 보고하는 바이다. 1) 간접후두경으로 관찰하기 힘들었던 병변을 보다 명확하게 관찰할 수 있었다. 2) 사진촬영 결과를 환자에게 제시할 수 있어서 치료전후의 상태를 확인시킬 수 있었다. 3) 확대된 성대상을 관찰할 수 있어서 미세한 병변의 감별이 용이하였다. 4) 성대관찰시간이 단축되고 조작이 간편하여 외래에서 사용하기 편리하였다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.134-142
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim is to study the dependence of deformable based auto-segmentation of head and neck organs-at-risks (OAR) on anatomy matching for a single atlas based system and generate an acceptable set of contours. Methods: A sample of ten patients in neutral neck position and three atlas sets consisting of ten patients each in different head and neck positions were utilized to generate three scenarios representing poor, average and perfect anatomy matching respectively and auto-segmentation was carried out for each scenario. Brainstem, larynx, mandible, cervical oesophagus, oral cavity, pharyngeal muscles, parotids, spinal cord, and trachea were the structures selected for the study. Automatic and oncologist reference contours were compared using the dice similarity index (DSI), Hausdroff distance and variation in the centre of mass (COM). Results: The mean DSI scores for brainstem was good irrespective of the anatomy matching scenarios. The scores for mandible, oral cavity, larynx, parotids, spinal cord, and trachea were unacceptable with poor matching but improved with enhanced bony matching whereas cervical oesophagus and pharyngeal muscles had less than acceptable scores for even perfect matching scenario. HD value and variation in COM decreased with better matching for all the structures. Conclusion: Improved anatomy matching resulted in better segmentation. At least a similar setup can help generate an acceptable set of automatic contours in systems employing single atlas method. Automatic contours from average matching scenario were acceptable for most structures. Importance should be given to head and neck position during atlas generation for a single atlas based system.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.59-63
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• 2022

The laryngeal framework surgery (LFS) is an operation to correct the position and tension of the vocal cords by changing the laryngeal cartilage and muscles. LFS such as type 1 thyroplasty, arytenoid adduction, and arytenopexy is performed to improve the voice of patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis. It is known that the voice improvement effect of LFS in patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis is excellent and lasts for a long time. LFS can also be operated under local anesthesia. Complications are not common, however, severe complications like airway obstruction could occur after the operation. Recently, several other attempts to modify the traditional surgical method have been reported. This review is intended to be helpful in understanding the characteristics and changes in laryngeal framework surgery.

• 대한기관식도과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1982년도 제16차 학술대회연제순서 및 초록
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• pp.6.1-6
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• 1982

후두유두종은 17세기 Warcellus Dohalus에 의해 Warts of throat로 처음 소개된 이래 후두의 가장 흔한 양성종양으로 알려져 왔으며 조직학적으로는 양성이나 병변의 위치, 병변의 다발성, 고도의 재발성 및 치료의 곤란으로 임상적인 면에서 많은 문제점이 있다. 후두유두종은 경우에 따라서는 자연치료도 가능한 반면 악성변화를 일으킬 수 있다고도 알러져 있는데 그 빈도는 악성변화가 전혀 없다고 주장하는 보고자부터 26.0%에 이르기까지 많은 차가 있다. 저자들은 최근 편평세포암으로 악성변화를 일으켰던 후두유두종 2예를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다. 증예1은 58세의 남자로서 1980년 5 월 13 일 약 3연간의 애성을 주소로 부산학병원 이비인후과 외래로 내원하였다. 내원 당시 국소소견은 양측성대의 전반부 및 전연합에 백색의 후두종양 종물을 나타내었고 간접후두경하에서 생검을 실시하였던 바 후두유두종이었다. 동년 5월 29 일 입원하여 Suspension laryngoscopy하에 완전제거후 퇴원하였다. 퇴원시 5-FU 국소도포를 권유하였으나 특별한 치료를 받지 않고 경과 중 약 9개월 후인 동년 3월 5 일 애성의 악화와 경징한 호흡곤란이 있어 외래를 재방문하였는데 당시의 국소소견은 유두종양 종물이 양측 성대 및 성문하부에 까지 관찰 할 수 있었으며 직접후두경하에서 생검하여 편평세포암으로 진단되었다. 7 일 후 환자는 극심한 호흡곤란을 주소로 응급실로 내원하여 기관절개술을 받고 입원하였다. 동년 4월 7 일 후두전적출술을 시행하고 3주후 퇴원하여 방사선치료를 받고 현재까지 특별한 이상없이 생활하고 있다. 증예2는 47 세 남자로서 1978년 9월 27 일 애성 및 호흡곤란을 주소로 내원하였다. 내원 당시 국소소견은 좌측성대의 전반부에 백색의 빛나는 상실상의 종물이 인지되어 문접후두경하에서 생검을 실시한 결과 후두유두종이었다. 동년 10월 24 일 입원하여 기관절개술후 Suspension laryngoscopy 하에서 유두종을 제거하였으며 5-FU 국소도포를 62.5 mg씩 20회 총 1250mg을 사용하였고 esroge등을 투여하였으나 재발을 계속하였다. 동년 9월 9 일 심한 호흡곤란을 주소로 응급실로 내원하여 기관절개술을 시행한 후 생검을 시행한 결과 편평세포암으로 확진되어 동년 9월 29 일 후두전적출술을 시행하였다. 술후 25 일에 퇴원하여 현재까지 암의 전이 혹은 합병증의 발생없이 경과하고 있다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 2017

Formant frequencies depend on the position of tongue, the shape of lips, and larynx. In the auditory system, the external ear canal is an open-end resonator, which can modify the voice characteristics. This study investigates the effect of the real ear on formant frequencies. Fifteen subjects ranging from 22 to 30 years of age participated in the study. This study employed three corner vowels: the low central vowel /a/, the high front vowel /i/, and the high back vowel /u/. For this study, the voice of a well-educated undergraduate who majored in speech-language pathology, was recorded with a high performance condenser microphone placed in the upper pinna and in the ear canal. Paired t-test showed that there were significant difference in the formant frequencies of F1, F2, F3, and F4 between the free field and the real ear. For /a/, all formant frequencies decreased significantly in the real ear. For /i/, F2 increased and F3 and F4 decreased. For /u/, F1 and F2 increased, but F3 and F4 decreased. It seems that these voice modifications in the real ear contribute to interpreting voice quality and understanding speech, timbre, and individual characteristics, which are influenced by the shape of the outer ear and external ear canal in such a way that formant frequencies become centralized in the vowel space.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2017

Background and Objectives : The purpose of this study was to classify patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis according to their fixed location and to analysis the effects of two treatment methods by early voice therapy and injection laryngoplasty. Materials and Methods : Twenty patients who were classified as full abduction and slight abduction according to the position of paralysis were treated injection laryngoplasy, and 23 patients were treated by voice therapy. Twenty patients were treated injection laryngoplasy and 23 patients were treated voice therapy. Results were evaluated by acoustic analysis, electroglottography, cepstrum analysis before and after therapy. The voice therapy was conducted by improving the larynx movement and glottal contact, whilst removing hypertension of the supraglottic and use the breathing. Results : Significant improvement was found in the acoustic parameter, cepstrum parameter, and EGG before and after treatment in both groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups when compared before and after treatment to compare the effects of injection laryngoplasty and voice therapy. Conclusion : The initial treatments for unilateral vocal cord paralysis are injection laryngoplasty and voice therapy. however, there is no precise standard about which method should be applied first. Therefore, in this study, we tried to classify patients according to their paralysis position and then apply two methods. The results of this study suggest that voice therapy and Injection laryngoplasty at the initial stage is a very useful method to improve voice quality of vocal fold paralysis and improve laryngeal function.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.14-16
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• 2006

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of vocal tract length according to the level of the pitch by the singers. Materials and Methods: Fifteen tenors were asked to produce successive /a/ sound in G4(382Hz) for the head register, C3(131Hz) for the chest register and usual speaking sound. The control group consisted of 15 males of an similar age who are not professional singers. The length of vocal tract was calculated by applying the formula of Fn=(2n-1) c/4L(F : formant frequency, c : the speed of sound in the vocal tract(350m/sec), L : length of vocal tract, $n=1,2,3,4,{\ldots}{\infty}$). Results: In singer's group, there showed no significant statistical difference of length among head and chest register and usual speaking sound. However in the control group, there showed statistically significant difference of length. Comparison of the absolute difference in the length of vocal tract by changing level of pitch in phonation, between the control group and the singers group. Changing from G4 phonation to C3 phonation and C3 phonation to usual speaking sound showed statistically difference of vocal tract length was less in the singers group than the control group. Conclusion: The change of vocal tract length, in either speaking or singing, was less in singers than the control group. We could assume that the singers maintain their larynx position constantly throughout the pitch range when phonation.