• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.563-568
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide and its frequency is increasing gradually in many countries. Over the last three decades an increase in the breast cancer has been witnessed in the earlier low-risk Asian countries including Pakistan. Purpose: The objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence of known risk factors like early menarche, late menopause, socio economic, reproductive and demographic factors, among women diagnosed with breast cancer at INMOL hospital, Lahore, Punjab, as little information exists in this regard. Materials and Methods: A survey study was conducted on 200 women diagnosed with breast cancer who were seen at Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL) hospital, Lahore. A structured questionnaire was administered to these patients regarding the known risk factors through face to face interviews after obtaining appropriate consent. Results: Regarding non-modifiable risk factors, our study showed that majority of the breast cancer patients were diagnosed at 35-45 years (32.5%) or at older age (${\leq}46$) and experienced menarche at 12 years or older (66 %). Likewise, a large number of patients reached menopause at the age of 45 years (60%), had no family and personal history of breast cancer (80%) and hence fell in a low risk category. Regarding modifiable risk factors in women diagnosed with breast cancer, most of the patients fell in low risk strata as the majority were married (98%) at young age, breastfed their children for 12 months or more (88%) and bore two to three children (80%). Considering income criteria, the majority of the patients had a low risk profile as they belonged to middle class (70%), urban area (60%) and were house wives (80%). However, it was noted that a considerable number of women (34%) diagnosed with breast cancer experienced menarche at an early age (<12) and reached menopause after the age of 45 years. This situation is further augmented by environmental changes and dietary habits and places them in a high risk category.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.793-803
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• 1993

This study was designed to measure viscosity, osmolality and in vitro flow rates via nasogastric tubes for 6 types of commercially available and 9 hospital-blenderized enteral solutions and to examine the effect of viscosity and osmolaility of enteral formula on the flow rates in gravity drip administration. Each solution was infused through 18, 16, 14, 12 French sizes of silicone rubber tube. Flow rates were measured six times at $25^{\circ}C$ using formula bags and drip sets hung at a uniform height on a intravenous drip stand with tube uniformly positioned in collecting container. Viscosity ranged widely from 16.0 to 195.5 cps with mean, 64.61$\pm$64.42 for hospital-blenderized formula while mean viscosity of commercial formula was 7.60$\pm$4.84 cps. Mean osmolality of commercial formula and hospital-blenderized formula were 370$\pm$100.80, 540.33$\pm$89.37 mOsm/kg respectively. There was negative relationship between viscosity of formula and flow rates through tubes but no significant relationship between flow rates and osmolalty. Some of hospital-blenderized formula was too viscous to be infused througth tube with gravity drip administration and the recipe of formula requires to be modiifed. On the other hand, commercial formula with the low viscosity flows too rapidly with large bore size tubes. Smaller size of tube must be selected for hyperosmolar solution to decrease possible side effects associated with tube feeding. Two kinds of regression equations for flow rates obtained according to viscosity and tube sizes were also presented for the purpose of practical uses. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that viscosity of fomula, osmolality, patient's tolerance and comfort, caloric density should be considered in the selection of tubes for gravify drip administration.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.64-81
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• 2016

To analyze the influence of various groundwater flow rates (specific discharge) on BHE system with balanced and unbalanced energy loads under assuming same initial temperature (15℃) of ground and groundwater, numerical modeling using FEFLOW was used for this study. When groundwater flow is increased from 1 × 10⁻⁷ to 4 × 10⁻⁷m/s under balanced energy load, the performance of BHE system is improved about 26.7% in summer and 22.7% at winter time in a single BHE case as well as about 12.0~18.6% in summer and 7.6~8.7% in winter time depending on the number of boreholes in the grid, their array type, and bore hole separation in multiple BHE system case. In other words, the performance of BHE system is improved due to lower avT in summer and higher avT in winter time when groundwater flow becomes larger. On the contrary it is decreased owing to higher avT in summer and lower avT in winter time when the numbers of BHEs in an array are increased, Geothermal plume created at down-gradient area by groundwater flow is relatively small in balanced load condition while quite large in unbalanced load condition. Groundwater flow enhances in general the thermal efficiency by transferring heat away from the BHEs. Therefore it is highly required to obtain and to use adequate informations on hydrogeologic characterristics (K, S, hydraulic gradient, seasonal variation of groundwater temperature and water level) along with integrating groundwater flow and also hydrogeothermal properties (thermal conductivity, seasonal variation of ground temperatures etc.) of the relevant area for achieving the optimal design of BHE system.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.737-745
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• 2011

콘크리트충전강관(Concrete Filled Tube 이하 CFT)구조는 강관 속에 콘크리트를 충전시킨 구조물로서 강관은 콘크리트를 구속시켜 압축내력을 증가시키며 콘크리트는 강관의 국부좌굴을 감소시키는 역할을 한다. CFT구조의 기둥-보 접합부는 강관의 국부좌굴을 방지하기위해 다이아프램이 필요하다. 외측다이아프램 형식은 관통다이아프램 형식보다 콘크리트의 충전성이 좋으나 시공성과 건축설비와 공조하는 측면에서 불편함이 있다. 이 연구는 원형CFT구조의 접합부의 상, 하부에 각각 다른 형식의 다이아프램을 적용시켜 콘크리트 충전성을 개선시킨 구조의 구조성능을 실험과 유한요소해석 프로그램을 통하여 알아보았다. CFT구조 접합부의 상부 다이아프램은 외측다이아프램 형식으로 하고 하부 다이아프램은 관통다이아프램 형식으로 하였다. 이것은 건축물에서 바닥슬래브가 있으므로 상부 다이아프램은 바닥슬래브와 일체가 되고 하부 다이아프램으로 관통다이아프램을 적용하여 건축설비와의 마찰을 피하고자 한 것이다. 결과적으로 충전성을 개선시킨 CFT구조의 구조성능은 상, 하부 모두 관통다이아프램을 적용한 구조와 비교하면 동일 하다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 연구논문집
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• 통권33호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2003

Fuel distribution, combustion, and flame propagation characteristics of heavy duty engine with the liquid phase LPG injection(LPLI) were studied in a single cylinder engine. Optically accessible single cylinder engine and laser diagnostics system were built for quantifying fuel concentration by acetone PLIF(planar laser induced fluorescence) measurements. In case of Otto cycle engine with large bore size, the engine knock and thermal stress of exhaust manifold are so critical that lean burn operation is needed to reduce the problems. It is generally known that fuel stratification is one of the key technologies to extend the lean misfire limit. The formation of rich mixture in the spark plug vicinity was achieved by open valve injection. With higher swirl strength(Rs=3.4) and open valve injection, the cloud of fuel followed the flow direction and the radial air/fuel mixing was limited by strong swirl flow. It was expected that axial stratification was maintained with open-valve injection if the radial component of the swirling motion was stronger than the axial components. The axial fuel stratification and concentration were sensitive to fuel injection timing in case of Rs=3.4 while those were relatively independent of the injection timing in case of Rs2.3. Thus, strong swirl flow could promote desirable axial fuel stratification and, in result, may make flame propagation stable in the early stage of combustion.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 1990

근년에 이르러 에너지 절약형선(節約型船) 개발이 촉진됨에 따라 디이젤엔진이 대구경(大口徑) 장행정(長行程) 소수(小數)실린더 저회전수화(低回轉數化)함으로써 불균형(不均衡)모멘트가 커져서 특히 중형선(中型船)에 대해 저진동수영역(低振動數領域)의 선체진동(船體振動) 방진설계(防振設計)가 주요과제로 대두되고 있다. 자동차운반선(自動車運搬船)의 경우 구조적(構造的) 특성(特性) 및 선형기하학적(船型幾何學的)인 특성(特性)이 일반상선(一般商船)과는 매우 다르다. 본 논문에서는 선체상하진동(船體上下振動), 선체수평(船體水平) 비틂연성진동(聯成振動)에 대하여 보유추(類推)이론에 의거한 해석방법의 정립을 위하여 전기 특성을 고려한 적정한 모델링방법, 부가수질량(附加水質量) 및 동 중심(中心), 부가수질량(附加水質量) 극관성(極慣性) 모멘트, 단면(斷面)의 전단계수(剪斷係數) 등의 적정한 산정방법, 수평(水平) 비틂거동(擧動)의 연성도(聯成度), modal해석(解析) 즉 mode중 첩법에 의한 강제진동응답(强制振動應答)의 계산 등에 관하여 실선(實船)에 대한 수치실험적(數値實驗的) 계산예(計算例)를 통해 일련의 고찰을 거쳐 합리적인 해석방법을 제시하였다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 2005

We have developed a small bore x-ray CT for small animal imaging with a linear x-ray detector array and small-scale slip rings. The linear x-ray detector array consists of 1024 elements of 400□m×400□m with a gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS) scintillator on top of them. To avoid use of expensive large diameter slip rings for projection data transmission from the X­ray detector to the image reconstruction system, we used the wireless LAN technology. The projection data are temporally stored in the data acquisition system residing on the rotating gantry during the scan and they are transmitted to the image reconstruction system after the scan. With the wireless LAN technology, we only needed to use small-scale slip rings to deliver the AC electric power to the X-ray generator and the power supply on the rotating gantry. The performances of the small animal CT system, such as SNR, contrast, and spatial resolution, have been evaluated through experiments using various phantoms. It has been experimentally found that the SNR is almost linearly proportional to the tube current and tube voltage, and the minimum resolvable contrast is less than 30 CT numbers at 40kVp/3.0㎃. The spatial resolution of the small animal CT system has been found to be about 0.9Ip/㎜. Postmortem images of a piglet is also presented.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2018

그라우팅공법은 지반강화와 차수를 위한 공법으로 약액을 주입하여 지반을 고화시키는 것이다. 시멘트계 그라우트 주입재는 수세기 전부터 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트를 사용하였으나 시멘트 입경이 커 주입효과에 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구는 초미립자 시멘트가 사용된 암반지반에서의 그라우팅 주입효과를 분석하기 위함이다. 이를 위해 초미립자 시멘트로 3S-1호가 사용되었고, OPC와 3S-1호를 각각 적용하여 암반그라우팅 현장시험시공을 실시하였으며 수압시험 공내재하시험 주입시험을 통해 그 결과를 비교분석 하였다. 시험 결과, 암반지반에서는 OPC보다 초미립자 시멘트(3S-1호)를 사용하는 것이 차수효과(K, $10^{-6}cm/sec$)가 더 높으며 보강효과도 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 초미립자 시멘트(3S-1호)가 OPC보다 약 4~9배 주입성이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 암반그라우팅 시공시 OPC대신 초미립자 시멘트를 적용하는 것이 더 유리한 것으로 판단이 된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제66권6호
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• pp.735-742
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• 2023

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), which is a rare cerebrovascular disorder in children. Systemic anticoagulation with heparin is the standard therapy for CVST, and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has been described as a salvage treatment for adult anticoagulant refractory CVST, However, it has never been reported in children. We describe a case of MT for refractory CVST in a child with NS. A 13-year-old boy with newly diagnosed NS presented to an emergency department with acute headache. A head computed tomography showed acute thrombus in the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus and transverse sinus. The child was started on heparin therapy, but clinically deteriorated and became unresponsive. In view of the rapid deterioration of the condition after anticoagulation treatment, the patient received intravascular treatment. Several endovascular technologies, such as stent retriever and large bore suction catheter have been adopted. After endovascular treatment, the patient's neurological condition was improved within 24 hours, and magnetic resonance venography of the head demonstrated that the CVST was reduced. The child recovered with normal neurological function at discharge. This case highlights the importance of considering MT for refractory CVST, and we suggest that MT may be considered for refractory CVST with NS in children.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.545-550
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• 2019

Objective : Penumbra ACE68 reperfusion catheter is a new large bore aspiration catheter used for reperfusion of large vessel occlusion. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of this catheter in comparison to that of previous Penumbra catheters in patients with acute ischemic stroke related to internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. Methods : Data of all eligible patients who received endovascular treatment (EVT) for ICA occlusion using Penumbra aspiration catheters between January 2015 and December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. After dividing into two groups according to use of penumbra ACE68, baseline characteristics of patients, successful recanalization rate, puncture to recanalization time, and switch to stent base technique rate were assessed. Successful recanalization was defined by a thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) score ${\geq}2b$ and favorable functional outcome was defined according to modified Rankin scale (score, 0-2). Results : ACE68 reperfusion catheter was used in 29 of 75 eligible patients (39%). The puncture to recanalization time was significantly shorter ($26{\pm}18.2$ minutes vs. $40{\pm}24.9$ minutes, p=0.011) and the rate of switch to stent-based retrieval was significantly lower (3% vs. 20%, p=0.046) in ACE68 catheter group. Moreover, although not statistically significant, the successful recanalization rate was higher (83% vs. 76%, p=0.492) in ACE68 catheter group. Favorable functional outcome was observed in 48% of patients treated with ACE68 reperfusion catheter and in 30% of patients treated using other Penumbra systems (p=0.120). Baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Scores ${\geq}8$ (odds ratio [OR], 9.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72-54.99; p=0.010) and successful recanalization (OR, 10.20; 95% CI, 1.13-92.46; p=0.039) were independent predictors of favorable outcome. Conclusion : EVT using ACE68 reperfusion catheter can be considered a first-line therapy in patients with acute ICA occlusion as it can achieve rapid recanalization and reduce the frequency of conversion to stent-retrieve therapy.