• American Studies
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.83-110
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• 2020

This paper examines the meaning and significance of the rebirths narrated in Sylvia Plath's "Lady Lazarus." While the previous readings of the poem have regarded the speaker's rebirth as a single event, this paper aims to understand its plurality and the underlying problem of language and sound by listening to the poet's own reading of the poem. I argue first that the sound structure of the poem can be characterized by the poet's unique employment of vowel sounds. Drawing upon Plath's another poem entitled "Morning Song" and Julia Kristeva's concept of the chora, I contend that the poet's vowels signal her desire for regression to the pre-Oedipal space where sound and body are in direct contact without the interference of language. It is my conclusion that the rebirths in "Lady Lazarus" dramatize the poet's ongoing struggle to bypass the symbolic language in order to make her body heard.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.234-239
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• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to find out the nature of language variation by exploring the ways of the progress of the language variation that produces all English-lects, i.e., the World Englishes. The study of language variation in linguistics is a hybrid enterprise, so the study of World Englishes has led to the recognition of a highly diverse set of all English-lects, encompassing regional dialects, sociolects, ethnolects and (post-)colonial dialects of World Englishes. In this paper, we propose a hybrid language variation model with three interacting factors of social distancing, on/off-contact, and linguistic diversity to examine the characteristics of language variation. In the context of World Englishes, the social distance is typically low in terms of their local location (country/speech) for local purposes. The social distance also varies based on online/offline communication modes and other social factors like gender, age and ethnic groups, resulting in all English-lects. To clarify the nature of World Englishes, the core Englishes, BrE, AmE and CanE are discussed here.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 1995

Nowadays in Korea the subject of English education has been rising as one of the essential matters which need to be emphasized, reorganized, and thus refined. From the history of about one century to the current, English education may be compared to an adolescent who should be paid much more attention to grow as an independent adult. Although we recognize that there was much improvement in the past age of English education, a lot of assignments to solve await us. This study aims to suggest a recipe for optimal learning in English classes by linking theory with practice: First, the nation-wide academic associations of English teaching should act more energetically and cooperatively than ever. They need further specialization, dynamic participation, and systematic organization. At the same time the academic journals of their own should be publicized broadly, internationally as well as nationally. Second, there should be close contact and discussion between professors and secondary-school teachers. To achieve better learning in English classes, an effective cycle of equilibrium ought to be maintained by combining theory with practice. For example, language institute in universities/colleges can serve instructional programs such as lectures, colloquiums, and intensive courses for conversation. Third, native speakers of English should be positively utilized. Teachers had better keep close contact with native speakers as frequently as possible if they want to become fluent or at least acceptable speakers in English. Teachers may also use native speakers as aides in their classes.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.107-114
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• 2012

In this paper, we proposed an automatic monitoring system for contact center in order to manage customer's complaint and agent's quality. The proposed system allows more accurate monitoring using emotion recognition and keyword spotting method for neutral/anger voice emotion. The system can provide professional consultation and management for the customer with language violence, such as abuse and sexual harassment. We developed a method of building robust algorithm on heterogeneous speech DB of many unspecified customers. Experimental results confirm the stable and improved performance using real contact center speech data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.268-274
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• 2007

The present paper investigates a particular structure in Taiwan Mandarin, "(NP) + (intensifier) + $gei^3ta^1$ "give him/it"+ adjective" in terms of construction grammar. The structure is mostly observed in utterances of younger generation. Though it is not regarded as a grammatical or standard structure, it is still a register of language. The structure lays emphasis on speaker's attitude toward an undesired, unpleasant event. In most cases, the attitude tends to be negative. The events or propositions must have existed or been completed. The adjectives compatible with this structure belong to category of higher degree. The grammatical usage illustrates semantic bleaching of $gei^3ta^1$. And the changes from giving to a grammatical particle denoting subjective belief is a kind of subjectification. Moreover, $ta^1$ could refer to events or situation expressed by a more complicated grammatical structure, or denotes nothing as a dummy word. Though many previous studies paid attention to the newly developed structure resulted from language contact, the adequate account was not provided. It is hoped through this investigation, we will get a better understanding of this particular structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.916-919
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• 2002

Cam mechanism is one of the common devices used in lots of automatic machinery. This paper introduces to an inverse cam mechanism. The inverse cam mechanism has a reverse structure as compared with common cam mechanism. For shape design of the inverse cam the approach used in this paper is an instant velocity center method that find the contact point between cam and roller at any contact time. And a computer program is developed for shape design and simulation by visual $C^{++}$ language. As the results, this paper presents two examples for the shape design of the inverse cam mechanism in order to prove the accuracy of the design procedures.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.233-247
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• 2004

This study explores sound alternations in a consonant cluster in which at least one consonant is a sonorant (a son/C cluster, hereafter). In this study, I argue that phonological processes affecting son/C clusters result from low perceptual salience rather than from the Syllable Contact Law as discussed in Vennemann (1988), Clements (1990), Rice & Avery (1991), Baertsch & Davis (2000), among others. That is, as a main factor motivating the alternations in the cluster, I consider contrasts of weak perceptibility triggered by phonetic similarity between two members of a cluster (Kawasaki 1982, Ohala 1992, 1993). Based on the findings from a typological survey in 31 different languages, I show that a speech perception-based account makes a correct prediction regarding the patterning of sonorant/sonorant sequences and that of obstruent/sonorant sequences, while the syllable contact account does not.

• Language and Information
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• v.1
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• pp.227-276
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• 1997

There has been no nuanimous analysis of specific indefinites. It is still disputed even whether specificity is a matter of semantics of pragmatics. In this paper, I introduce some properties of specific indefinites, and explain them based on the meaning of specificity. Specificity intuitively means that the speaker or someone else in the context has some individual in mind, which is generally accepted among liguistics. The main issue is how to represent the meaning of 'have-in-mind'. I review some philosophical discusstions of cognitive contact and show that when the use of an expression involves 'have-in-mind', the expression is rigid designator in the belief of the agent who has an individual in mind. in the use of a specific indefinite, this applies only to the information state of the agent of 'have-in-mind'. To represent this asymmetry, I propose a new theory of dynamic semantics, in which a common ground consists of multiple information states, as many as the number of the participants in a conversation. Moreover, each information state is structured as a set of epistemic alternatives, which is a set of possible information states of a participant in the context. Based on this semantics, the properties of specific indefinites are explained.

• Language and Information
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.23-47
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• 2007

In this paper I discuss two markers for specificity, etten and han, in Korean. First, I discuss their structural properties and claim that etten is a determiner, and han is a numeral preceded by an implicit existential quantifier. Then I discuss four uses of etten and two uses of han, and show when they are used as specificity markers. There are various properties of the two specificity markers, some of which they have in common. I take them as properties of specificity markers in general. The properties only one of them has are taken to come from the original meanings of the two morphemes. I claim that specific indefinites range over individual concepts, which lead to the properties they have in common.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.24
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• pp.99-111
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• 2011

This paper is a comparative study of English loans in Russian and Swahili. In the twenty first century, due to the advantage of English as a global language, a language of technology and business, it has had contact with many languages of the world and has become a major source of loans to many languages. Though very different from each other, both Russian and Swahili currently have English as their main source of loanwords. This study reports the extensive adaptation of English loans by Russian and Swahili and examines how these loan items are assimilated into the two languages. It concludes that besides the adaption of pure English loans they have both employed other strategies such as loan translations, semantic extensions and loanblends for vocabulary expansion.