• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.105-116
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• 2021

Background: The creation of the National Institute of Ecology began as a national alternative project to preserve mudflats instead of constructing the industrial complexes by reclamation, and achieve regional development. On the other hand, at the national level, the research institute for ecology was needed to cope with the worsening conditions for maintaining biodiversity due to accelerated climate change such as global warming and increased demand for development. In order to meet these needs, the National Institute of Ecology has the following objectives: (1) carries out studies for ecosystem change due to climate change and biodiversity conservation, (2) performs ecological education to the public through exhibition of various ecosystem models, and (3) promotes regional development through the ecological industry. Furthermore, to achieve these objectives, the National Institute of Ecology thoroughly followed the basic principles of ecology, especially restoration ecology, in the process of its construction. We introduce the principles and cases of ecological restoration applied in the process. Results: We minimized the impact on the ecosystem in order to harmonize with the surrounding environment in all the processes of construction. We pursued passive restoration following the principle of ecological restoration as a process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem degraded for all the space except in land where artificial facilities were introduced. Reference information was applied thoroughly in the process of active restoration to create biome around the world, Korean peninsula forests, and wetland ecosystems. In order to realize true restoration, we pursued the ecological restoration in a landscape level as the follows. We moved the local road 6 and high-voltage power lines to underground to ensure ecological connectivity within the National Institute of Ecology campus. To enhance ecological diversity, we introduced perch poles and islands as well as floating leaved, emerged, wetland, and riparian plants in wetlands and mantle communities around the forests of the Korean Peninsula in the terrestrial ecosystem. Furthermore, in order to make the public aware of the importance of the intact nature, the low-lying landscape elements, which have disappeared due to excessive land use in most areas of Korea, was created by imitating demilitarized zone (DMZ) landscape that has these landscape elements. Conclusions: The National Institute of Ecology was created in an eco-friendly way by thoroughly reflecting the principles of ecology to suit its status and thus the impact on the existing ecosystem was minimized. This concept was also designed to be reflected in the process of operation. The results have become real, and a result of analysis on carbon budget analysis is approaching the carbon neutrality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2007

Nowadays, as a result of increasing income and spare time, the social demands for better living environment become more increasing. Above all, landscape improvement, the essential part of physical environment, will be a more important subject in urban planning. In these circumstances, classification of urban scenic quality is required for urban landscape development programs. The major purpose of this study is to suggest a technical method of designing urban scenic quality map for urban district area based on the scenery management system of the USDA forest service and literature studies. As a conclusion of this study, four steps are desirable for the technical method for designing a scenic quality map of urban districts areas : 1) Define a landscape unit on the map, 2) Take a photograph of these landscape unit on site, 3) Evaluate the landscape unit by semantic differential scale with landscape adjectives, and 4) Draw the scenic quality map, investigate the landscape characteristics and suggest the landscape scenic development plans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.51-60
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• 2012

Most streams in Korea have been managed mainly for the control of flood or usages of the water for agriculture, industry, and others, resulting in the loss of their natural characteristics. In recent years, ecological system and function of streams are recognized as very important, and a paradigm change in their management is prevailing. This study, first, analyzed recent stream restoration policies and projects and derived major restoration planning factors; second, evaluated relative importance and priority of the factors using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. The derived planning factors were four factors for the level 1, and sixteen factors for the level 2. Relative importance and priority of each factor were calculated, and finally, a composite relative importance and priority of all the factors were suggested. These findings are hoped to support stream restoration policies and be used in drafting restoration guidelines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.67-81
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• 2018

We tried to analyze qualitatively a total of 110 the research papers which were related domestic ecological restoration technologies about 15 years through semantic network analysis in social network analysis. In order to understand the research trends of ecological restoration technologies, we analyzed the degree centrality and betweenness centrality of the Stream/Wetland, Slope, Soil/Others fields selected as Word Cloud. As a result, ecological restoration technologies have been changed. They were focused on the restoration of species or their habitats in the past. However, they have been evolved into the detailed systems to respond in unpredictable natural disasters and climate change, high-resolution image implementation technology to accurately grasp the practical environment and methods related to environmental restoration for human in urban ecosystem. In the future, investment and technology for the ecosystem restoration field will be continuously demanded for the symbiosis of human beings and species in the damaged ecosystem. Therefore, the research trend of ecological restoration technologies should be provided as reliable guidelines when decision makers establish the policy direction or when researchers select their subjects.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.579-592
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• 2022

Much controversy has been generated over whether the ecological restoration project in Korea is faithful to the basic approach of ecological restoration compared to projects aimed at creating parks or green spaces. This study was aimed at understanding the level of awareness of practitioners in the planting design method, which is recognized as relatively important in landscape architecture and ecological restoration. The proficiency of practitioners in planting design techniques for ecological restoration projects was investigated and analyzed in seven areas: overall planting design awareness, plant species selection method, planting tree sizes, planting density, use of native species, vegetation climatic zone, soil environment, and weed control. There was no statistically significant difference between the group who thought they were experts in the field of ecological restoration and the group who thought they were experts in the field of parks and green spaces. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the degree of work performance, that is, the group whose main industry was ecological restoration, the group that performed relatively more ecological restoration work, and the group that rarely performed it. Therefore, to apply desirable ecological restoration techniques in the future and to clearly differentiate between the approach in the field of parks and green spaces, the appropriate tree size or planting density selected in the ecological restoration planting design stage must be chosen. To this end, the awareness of expert groups must be improved and related laws, systems, and guidelines must be revised.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

This research traces the history of legislative matters regarding the enactment and revision of laws and regulations related to the outdoor landscape in apartment complex. The years before 1976 can be classified as 'a period of darkness' for the landscape in apartment complex due to absence of landscape legislation. From the year of 1977 when the landscape planting and mere necessities were carried out according to the local administration's building standard to the year of 1990 can be classified as 'a period of quickening'. The year of after 1991 when the enactment of the code#32 called "the green space in site" in the "Korea Building Code" and the "Korea Housing Standard & Regulation" was made, and various construction regulations and provisions were revised in order to improve the scantiness of the apartment complex and its environment should be called 'a period of development'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.5 s.118
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• pp.1-13
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• 2006

The Attention Restoration Theory (ART) developed by Kaplan and Kaplan proposes that effortful directed attention required in normal life can be fatigued. Restoration can occur in a setting that has restorative qualities. The restorative quality described by the ART involves four concepts: being away, fascination extent, and compatibility. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the restorative quality of landscape influenced the preferences and satisfaction of visitors to an heritage landscape. Four kinds of heritage landscapes of Kyongju were used as environmental surrogates and 150 americans participated in the study. Hartig et al.'s Revised Perceived Restorativeness Scale (RPRS) was used as the psychological measure for the restorative quality, along with other measurement constructs such as cultural uniqueness and novelty. The results showed that RPRS was a reliable measurement tool for assessing the restorative quality of artificial landscapes. Factor analysis identified three valid factors: escape-fascination compatibility, anti-extent. Among the three factors, only two, escape-fascination and compatibility, were found to have important effects on visiting preference and satisfaction. Specifically, higher levels of preference and satisfaction were associated with higher levels of escape-fascination and compatibility. The results indicate that the restorative quality has a high possibility to be used as a frame of reference for assessing various types of landscapes, from natural to artificial. It was also proposed that restorative quality could better explain the experience of the landscape strongly related to specific purpose or motivation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.21-32
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• 2005

Questionnaire survey from 101 visitors and 77 specialists was carried out to establish the management plan on landscapes of the artificial structure constructed in valley within Bughansan National Park. When comparison was made between ground sill work structure and valley landscape, visitor group responded to the highest scores in valley landscape after planting of vine species in the bottom of the constructure, while specialist group responded to valley landscape after the removal of the constructure. When it made a comparison between revetment work constructure and valley landscape, visitor group responded to highest scores in valley landscape after planting of vine species in the top of the constructure, while specialist group responded to valley landscape after replacing concrete revetment by stone revetment constructure. When it made a comparison between fall work constructure and valley landscape, both groups responded to the highest scores in valley landscape after the removal of the constructure. According to the valley landscape analysis, artificial constructures built in water channel should be matched to adjacent landscape with the removal of concrete constructure. The slope of water channel should be considered to build fall work constructure.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2002

This study intends to find out what manmade elements in typical moderately disturbed coastal landscape are most adversely affecting its aesthetic quality. Simulation photos including a combination of five most common manmade structures (houses, roads, power lines, embankments, and aquaculture facilities) found on coastal areas were made, and thirty eight subjects in the field of landscape architecture and forty eight average subjects were asked to evaluate their visual preferences of the 32 simulation photos using seven levels of Likert scale. Overall, average and professional subjects did not show significant differences in their evaluations. Visual preferences were greatly influenced by the presence of the manmade structures. A natural coastal landscape without any manmade structures was most preferable, and a disturbed coastal landscape by all five manmade structures was least preferable. Power lines had the most serious negative impact on the landscape, and followed by the embankment. In coastal landscape restoration works and management, priority needs to be given to these manmade structures which have bigger negative landscape impacts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.120-129
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• 2007

Rapid urbanization has transformed the spatial pattern of urban land use or cover. This paper concentrates that changed characteristics of landscape structure in the Tancheon Watershed, from 1995 to 2003 were investigated using land cover map. We used FRAGSTATS software to calculate landscape indices to characterize the landscape structure. We found that built up area has been increased rapidly during the study period, while cultivated area and forest area have been decreased rapidly in the same period. From 1995 to 2003, built up area was increased from 19.73% to 39.62% and cultivated area and forest area was decreased 17.60% to 5.97% and 58.31% to 49.41%. Number of patches, mean euclidean nearest-neighbor distance, contagion index, Shannon's diversity index increased considerably from 1995 to 2003, also suggesting the landscape in the study area became more fragmented and heterogeneous. but because of continuously fragmentation, landscape became homogeneity. The study demonstrates that landscape metrics can be a useful indicator in landscape monitoring and landscape assessment.