• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2006

Periductal mastitis is a specific clinicopathologic entity, and is referred to by several names: recurrent subareolar abscess, squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous duct, and Zuska's disease. Clinically, the differentiation of periductal mastitis from other benign lesions and carcinomas around the nipple frequently proves a difficult proposition. We reviewed the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of 14 cases of periductal mastitis, which had been diagnosed either radiologically, histologically, or clinically. The patient group included 13 female patients, and one male. The majority of the patients in this group had presented with subareolar masses. All cases evidenced characteristic anucleated squamous cell clusters within a mixed inflammatory background. A diagnosis of periductal mastitis can be rendered fairly readily on excisional biopsy. However, FNAC is considered to be superior to excisional biopsy as an initial diagnostic procedure for any palpable mass in subareolar lesions of the breast. FNAC can also be a useful diagnostic technique in cases of periductal mastitis, even in the early phases of the disease. A definitive diagnosis of subareolar abscess via FNAC will enable the clinician to select the most appropriate medical or surgical treatment.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.789-791
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• 2006

Purpose: The inverted nipple presents many problems in both cosmetic and functional aspects. The histopathologic features of inverted nipple are that inverted nipple has less fibromuscular tissue than normal nipple, short lactiferous duct and dense fibrous tissue. Many papers have been reported for correction of the inverted nipple, however not many medical literatures has specifically described about traction method. Although traditional traction methods were using half of urine cup or lid of bottle, they were uncomfortable and incapable for wearing brassiere. Methods: We invented a simple and more natural method using a dome-shape plastic disposable lid of take-out cup. We applied new device for three patients after corrective surgery. Results: For long term follow up, all patients satisfied their postoperative status and they were comportable with the lids. Conclusion: This new method is very simple, comfortable, and effective method for traction. It also allows patients to wear the brassiere.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.93-98
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• 2007

Purpose: Many options are available for the incision and pocket selection in breast augmentation. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. To leave an invisible operation scar and to achieve easier pocket dissection by the central location of the incision on the breast, we made a transareolar-perinipple incision. To overcome the disadvantages of the transareolar incision, originally advocated by Pitanguy in 1973, we modified the direction of incision line and dissection plane. Methods: To avoid the injury of 4th intercostal nerve responsible for nipple sensation, we made perinipple incision on the medial side of the nipple instead of trans-nipple incision and made the transareolar incision as 11-5 o'clock on the left side and 1-7 o'clock on the right side instead of 3-9 o'clock on both sides. To avoid the possible infection and breast feeding problem caused by the injury to the lactiferous duct, and the possible implant hernia caused by the incisions lying on a same plane of pocket dissection, we made a subcutaneous dissection just above the breast tissue medially down to the bottom of breast tissue and made a subglandular or subfascial pocket, which may avoid the injury of lactiferous duct and create different planes for skin incision and pocket dissection. Other advantages of the transareolar-perinipple incision include easier pocket dissection, less chance of hematoma, and as a result less postoperative pain because of the central location of the approach which allow finger dissection and meticulous bleeding control with direct vision, without any specialized instrument such as an endoscope or long mammary dissectors. As for pocket selection, we made dual pockets. We prefer subglandular or subfascial pocket. Also, we made a subpectoral pocket in the upper 1/4 of the pocket to add more volume on the upper part of the augmented breast, which can make aesthetically more desirable breasts in thin Asian women with small breasts. Possible disadvantages of our method are subclinical infection and scar widening, which could be overcome by meticulous operation techniques, antibiotic therapy, and intradermal tattooing. Results: From September, 2003 to August, 2005, 12 patients underwent breast augmentation using round smooth surface saline implants by our method. During the mean follow-up period of 13 months, there were no complications such as infection, hematoma, capsular contracture, and sensory change of nipple, and results were satisfactory. Conclusion: We suggest breast augmentation via transareolar-perinipple incision and dual pockets(subpectoral-subglandular or subfascial) as a valuable method in thin oriental women with small breasts.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.265-295
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• 2017

Breast tissue is composed of skin, mammary gland(including lactiferous duct), subcutaneous fat layer. The anatomical position is on the anterior chest wall(the outside of the chest cavity) but not on the inside of the thorax. Therefore, when the internal organs in the thoracic cavity are defined and expressed as 'organs' and the internal organs of each are labeled for a long time, for the breast located outside the thoracic cavity, it is thought that there is considerable difficulty in defining and recognizing the breast tissue as organs. For this reason, it is necessary to discourage the controversy over whether or not the breast is contained in the chest(or intra-thoracic cavity). In order to completely exclude it, it is assumed that the "chest-abdomen" can be called the "intra-thoraxic or intra-abdominal." But it is difficult to change the terms in various laws and regulations, I think that it would be necessary to insert only the clue clause "Breasts are excluded" in the detailed criteria for grading. In order to include it, it is necessary to change the terms of the ordinance or to say that the breast is exceptionally included.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.585-592
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• 2004

Our previous studies demonstrated that relaxin in concert with estrogen promotes development of the mammary parenchyma during the last third of gestation in gilts, and the specific relaxin-binding sites were present in the mammary gland. This study was conducted to determine if relaxin-binding sites in the mammary gland were functional relaxin receptors. Three cycling cross-bred gilts were bilaterally ovariectomized on day 0 of the experiment. Beginning on day 15 and continuing through day 29 post-surgery, the gilt received an im. injection of estradiol benzoate at 12-hr intervals. Beginning on day 22 post-surgery, highly purified porcine relaxin was administered(lug/hr) into the left fourth mammary gland from the anterior end via miniature osmotic pump. Physiological saline was administered to the right fourth mammary gland. The gilt was sacrificed on day 29 post-surgery and histological characteristics of the mammary parenchyma were examined. The mammary glands treated locally with saline showed little, if any, lobulo-alveolar development, whereas the mammary glands treated with relaxin showed not only marked lobulo-alveolar development but also prominent secretions in the alveoli. The saline-treated glands were characterized by relatively dense and highly organized collagen fiber bundles. Whereas, in the relaxin-treated mammary glands, collagen fiber bundles were dispersed and loosely organized. In conclusion, relaxin-binding sites in the mammary gland are functional relaxin receptors and relaxin acts directly on the pig mammary gland to promote development of the alveoli and remodeling of the extracellular matrix.