• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.9_10
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• pp.1134-1143
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate surface color change and effects of mordants on the K/S values of silk and wool fabrics dyed with Lac extract, according to the mordanting methods and conditions such as temperature, concentration and time of the mordanting bath. The results were as follow; 1 K/S values of the silk and wool fabrics according to the temperature of the mordanting bath were shown a slight decline beyond 40$^{\circ}C$. 2. Surface color of the silk changed from red to reddish purple and that of the wool showed red tone when mordanted with Aluminum postassium sulfate, Copper acetate and Copper (II) sulfate regardless of the mordanting conditions. 3. The light and dry cleaning fastness of silk and wool fabrics dyed with Lac extract according to the mordanting methods were very good.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.114-124
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• 2014

This research was carried out to find the mordant effects by Tara and Myrobalan as natural tannins on the cow leather dyed with Lac powder. The cow leathers were treated with Tara, Myrobalan, Al, Cu, and Fe mordants by changing treatment orders. It was examined for K/S value, surface color changes, and color difference. The K/S value generally has higher Myrobalan than Tara, and pre-mordant than post-mordanted condition. Cu is the strongest among the three mordants. As a results of the treatment order, the K/S value is higer in pre-tannin-mordant agent than in pre-mordant agent-tannin. In the post mordant, K/S value is higher in mordant agent-tannin than in tannin-mordant agent. The color difference and color factors such as H, V and C were various according to the mordant agents, treatment orders and mordant methods; and surface colors of dyed cow leathers were R and RP. It was difficult to find some significant means of mordant orders.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.276-283
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• 2017

The aim of this study is to develop an effective dyeing process for black color on the silk fabrics, using natural Indigo, Madder, Amur cork tree, Alder, Logwood, and Gallnut. All natural dye materials were water-extracted, concentrated, and freeze-dried. Seven different processes were carried out and the color differences(${\Delta}E$) of black color with each process from the chemical black dyed fabric were compared. The light, washing, and rubbing fastness were evaluated. The black dyeing of the silk fabrics was well carried and excellent black color was obtained in every methods. The profound black color could be obtained by the subtractive mixture of the three primary colors of red, yellow, and blue in the order of indigo(blue) - amur cork tree(yellow) - madder or lac(red). Black color was efficiently obtained by iron mordant when logwood or alder fruit was used. The color difference(${\Delta}E$) from the black color with chemical dyestuff was the lowest in the indigo - amur cork tree - lac - iron method. Light fastness and washing fastness were excellent in all dyeing processes, showing grade 5. The fastness to rubbing was excellent as shown grade 5 in the dry samples of logwood - iron process and alder fruit - iron process.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.275-279
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate the color development and shelf-life effect of low-fat sausages (LFS) during refrigerated storage according to the additions of sodium lactate (SL), chitosan, and lac pigment. The LFS samples had $73{\sim}76%$ moisture, $3{\sim}4%$ fat, and $13{\sim}16%$ protein with a pH range of 6.4-6.6. The addition of chitosan ($MW\;=\;30{\sim}40\;kDa$) to LFS increased most textural properties. Hunter a (redness) values were increased by the addition of 0.05% lac pigment. The microbial growth of Listeria monocytogenes increased with increasing storage time. The addition of 2% SL and 0.3% chitosan with MW higher than $30{\sim}40\;kDa$ effectively inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes. The microbial growth of L. monocytogenes was further reduced with increasing chitosan MW. These results indicated that the combination of SL with chitosans (MW > 30 kDa, 0.3%) and lac pigment (0.05%) improved shelf-life and color development in LFS during refrigerated storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1248-1253
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• 2002

Coocus laccae(Laccifer lacca Kerr), usually known as Lac, is a kind of cocoon which is parasitic on the tree around India and China. It contains the laconic acid of red colored dyes and has been used for cosmetic or natural dyeing prior to the introduction of New World cochineal. Nevertheless, the characterization of lac has not been studied, very little informed. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of dyeing conditions fur Lac extract, such as pH of dye bath, concentration of Lac exact dyeing temperature and time, to find out the optimum conditions. The results were as follow. 1. The highest K/S values of the silk and wool was shown at PH 3 and PH 4. 2. K/S values of the silk came to nearly the adsorption equilibrium state at 40$^{\circ}C$ and the curve of wool showed a dramatic increase with the increase of temperature. 3. Dyed silk and wool fabrics showed good light fastness without using mordants.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.88-95
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• 2016

This paper investigated to the effectiveness of an eco-friendly method for oiling cow leather. After leather was lac-dyed with a vegetable leather processing solution and a mordant, olive oil was used to treat the leather. Changes in surface color and dyeability, light fastness, rubbing fastness, and water fastness were measured. An increase in dyeability caused by the mordant appeared in all the samples. The dyeability of leatger treated with Cu-mordant was higher than that treated with Fe-mordant and Al-mordant, and the three times greater than when no mordant was used. Dyeability after oiling more than doubled compare with before oiling. An increase in dyeability by oiling was highe greater than doubled compared with before oiling. The non-mordant-treated samples exhibited a 5-fold increase in dyeability, and the other samples showed more than two times more dyeability than did non-oiled samples. A color difference of more than 20.0-fold appeared in all samples, and the differences in lightness and chroma were greater than were the differences in other color factors. The colors after oiling were measured R, P, and PB. Light fastness improved in all samples after oiling, and all of the measurements were reduced in the order of Fe-mordant> Cu-mordant> Al-mordant ${\geq}$non mordant.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.31-45
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• 2022

After manufacturing the natural dyed actual size Hanji using 11 kinds of plant natural dyeing materials and 2 kinds of animal natural dyeing materials, the color characteristics and color change and color fastness after post-mordanting were compared and discussed. The hues of 13 types of natural dyed Hanji were black, PB, and RP, each with 1 type, YP with 3 types, and Y with 7 types. Among the natural dyeing materials, Chinese ink, indigo and Lac showed high color yield and color difference, and violet-root cromwell and gardenia seeds showed low color yield. The color fastness of Hanji dyed with turpentine diluted Ottchil, Pagoda tree seeds, Chinese ink and indigo was excellent, while that of gardenia seeds and violet-root cromwell were very poor. After post-mordanting of natural dyed Hanji with Al, Cu, and Fe mordants, the hue changes were show up the Alnus firma, clove, lac and cochineal. In addition, the color difference was very diverse and was overall the most biggest due to Fe mordant. After 72 hr. of UV irradiation on post-mordanting natural dyed Hanji, hue change was observed in 3 types and color fastness was improved in 8 types by post-mordanting. The Hue and color fastness are significantly different depending on the type of natural dying materials and post-mordants. Therefore, when dyeing Hanji with natural dyes, it is necessary to dye with sufficient knowledges and informations about the desired color and fastness.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.449-454
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• 1995

The present study was conducted to assess gene expression of bacterial lacZ driven by the SV40 promoter at early developmental stages of bovine embryos. The lacZ gene was linearized with BamHI digestion and introduced into the pronucleus by microinjection at 20 hrs after the commencement of in vitro fertilization. Intact bovine blastocysts were not stained with X-Gal, suggesting that there is no endogenous beta-galactosidase activity in these blastocysts. In contrast, the bovine blastocyst cells microinjected with the lacZ gene exerted a characteristic greenish-blue color originating from the bacterial beta-galactosidase activity, albeit at a low rate, i.e. 2.1% of the total fertilized oocytes injected. It was concluded, therefore, that the lacZ gene driven by the SV40 promoter could be used for an indirect screening method in which the presence of transgene is evaluated from the product of transgene expression.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.140-148
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• 2013

This research was carried out to find the dyeabilities and mordants effects of cow leather dyed with Lac powder. They were examined by changing dye concentration, dyeing temperature, bath ratio, dyeing time, and dyeing repetition. And K/S values and surface color changes were evaluated by various mordanting conditions. The optimum dyeing conditions of the cow leather dyed with Lac powder were 30%, $40^{\circ}C$, 30:1, 30minutes, and 4 repetitions. The K/S values were higher in post mordant than pre mordanting condition. The surface colors of dyed cow leathers were R and RP. The dye fastnesses increased in post Cu and Fe mordanting, as decreased in gallnut and chestnut's skin conditions.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.154-159
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• 2002

Satellite remote sensing technology for ocean observation has evolved considerably in these last twenty years. Ocean color is one of the most important parameters of ocean satellite measurements. This paper describes a remote sensing of ocean color data project - Asian I-Lac Project; it also introduces several case studies using satellite images in the Asian waters. The Asian waters are related to about 30 Asian countries, representing about 60% of the world population. The project aims at generating long-term time series images (planned for 10 years from 1996 to 2006) by combining several ocean color satellite data, i.e., ADEOS-I OCTS and SeaWiFS, and some other sensors. Some typical parameters that could be measured include Chlorophyll- a (Chl-a), Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), and Suspended Material (SSM). Reprocessed OCTS images display spatial variation of Chl-a, CDOM, and SSM in the Asian waters; a short term variability of phytoplankton blooms was observed in the Gulf of Oman in November 1996 by analyzing OCTS and NOAA sea surface temperature (SST)； Chl-a concentrations derived from OCTS and SeaWiFS have also been evaluated in coastal areas of the Taiwan Strait, the Gulf of Thailand, the northeast Arabian Sea, and the Japan Sea. The data system provides scientists with capability of testing or developing ocean color algorithms, and transferring images for their research. We have also analyzed availability of OCTS images. The results demonstrate the potential of long-term time series of satellite ocean color data for research in marine biology, and ocean studies. The case studies show multiple applications of satellite images on monitoring of coastal environments in the Asian Waters.