• 노동경제논집
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.85-107
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• 2010

외환위기 이후 한국은 비교 대상국 가운데 가장 빠른 고용의 서비스화와 가장 큰 제조업과 서비스업 간의 생산성 격차가 나타났다. 생산성 분해를 통해 확인해 본 결과 이는 외환위기 전에 비해 생산성과 고용의 변동이 반대로 일어나는 부정적 구조변화의 경향이 심화되었기 때문이다. 그리고 제조업의 경우 고용 비중은 줄면서 자체의 생산성 향상 중심으로, 서비스업은 반대로 자체의 생산성 향상은 지지부진한 체 고용의 흡수를 통한 성장을 주로 해왔기 때문이기도 하다. 국제비교에서도 이러한 경향은 뚜렷이 드러난다. 그리고 한국의 서비스업은 제조업에 비해 부정적 구조변화의 경향이 외환위기 후 더 심해졌다.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.165-179
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• 2004

일반적으로 비교되는 임금상승률과 노동생산성증가율은 임금상승률과 평균노동생산성증가율의 비교라는 데에 문제가 있다. 이를 극복하기 위해 본고는 새로운 비교 방법을 제시한다. 대체탄력성과 기술수준을 추정한 후 한계노동생산성을 추정하여 이것의 증가율과 임금상승률을 비교하는 것이다. 우리나라 자료를 사용하여 이러한 방법으로 비교하면 임금과 한계노동생산성은 1963~2000년 동안 전반적으로 유사하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러나 1987년을 기점으로 기간을 나누어 보면 이전에는 임금이 한계노동생산성에 못 미치나, 이후에는 임금이 한계노동생산성을 상회한다. 임금상승률이 한계노동생산성증가율과 큰 차이가 없더라도 평균 노동생산성증가율과는 괴리할 수 있다. 따라서 임금상승률이 평균 노동생산성증가율을 초과한다고 해서 노동의 수요곡선을 벗어난 과도한 임금인상이라고 말할 수 없다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권10호
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• pp.555-569
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• 2020

This study examines the impact of corporate tax, a fiscal measure along with trade liberalization and research and development on total factor productivity for a panel of 153 industrial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange over the period 1997-2017. For empirical analysis, we employ the system generalized method of moment estimator. In the first step, we estimate industrial production function and the results reveal that raw material, industrial labour force and energy play vital role in enhancing industrial production. Whereas, industrial capital exerts negative impact on industrial output. We also measured total factor productivity using the production elasticities. In the second step, we examine the impact of corporate tax, trade liberalization and research and development on total factor productivity. The results indicate that higher level of corporate tax exerts negative impact on total factor productivity. The findings reveal that higher corporate taxation discourages industrial firms to undertake research and development thereby exerting adverse impact on total factor productivity of firms. The impact of trade liberalization proxied by average tariff is positive while customs duty and sales tax negatively impact firm-level total factor productivity. These findings provide useful insights for managers, investors and policy makers in Pakistan.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.81-103
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• 2003

This paper compares the environmental economic performance of the South Korean and the German economy during the last decade. The analysis is based on comparable data from the Environmental Economic Accounts (EEA). The EEA is a satellite account to the National Accounts which enhances the conventional economic accounts by a description of the interactions between the economy and the environment. The data from the EEA and the national accounts are fully compatible. In absolute terms the environmental pressures caused by economic activities were with regards to the environmental factors used for the analysis generally lower in South Korea than in Germany. If the use of environmental factors is related to each country's gross domestic product (environmental productivities) a lower level of environmental productivity can be observed for most of the environmental factors in South Korea compared to Germany. For example in 1999 energy and $CO_2$ productivity were about two fifths of the German level. This corresponds to the relation regarding labour productivity (Gross domestic product per employment).

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.109-118
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• 1993

Development process of agricultural technology has been studied with a case study of Korean agriculture. Technological is considered as a transformer of inputs into outputs and hence technological appropriateness, an important aspect of agricultural development strategies, is considered as a dynamic concepts. Considering the concept of agricultural system as a delivery system for providing essential materials and services to producers and consumers, it has been divided into two major groups of dimensions vis. external challenge dimensions and internal response dimensions. Market, investment and agro-ecosystem constitute the external challenge dimensions : whereas trade , technology as well as production and resources allocation constitute internal response dimensions. The system manager is responsible for maintaining equilibrium in the mentioned six sub-systems. Two kinds of alternatives paths of technological development viz. land saving technology and labour saving technolog have been studied. Technology is considered as a combination of four basic components viz. facilities, abilities, facts and frameworks. Adoption of innovation in agriculture depends on profitability, awareness, risk aversion, financial capacity, institutional infrastructure, availability of physical inputs and adaptability to the local conditions. For a cast study of Korea, changes in the agricultural system through external challenge dimensions are investigated. The impacts of industrialization on agro-ecosystem reported are shift of labour from the agricultural sector to non-agricultural sectors and continuously increasing demand of farm the agricultural sector to non-agricultural sectors accompanied by increase in land prices. The impacts on the commodity market discussed are shift in demand from rice, barley and other cereals to meat , dairy products and vegetables : and increasing in supply capacity of agricultural inputs. The process of agricultural development from 1962 to 19 1 9 (i.e. from start of the first to the end of the sixth five year plan) are also discussed in details with several policy measures taken. The trend of agricultural income and productivity are also analyzed. The main cause of increase in the agricultural income is considered as increase in labour productivity. The study revealed that during the span of 1965-88, holding size has not changed significantly, but both the land and labour productivity increased and so did the agricultural income. R&D activities in Korea have changed over time in three stages vix. import of improved technology, localization by adaptive research and technological mastery. For the new technology to be made affordable to farmers, policy measures like fertilizer and food grain exchange system, dual price system in rice and barely and loan for machinery were strengthened.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to identify the role of technological progress in the distribution sector in Saudi Arabia. Research design, data, and methodology: The study applies the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to estimate the Cobb Douglas production function of the wholesale and retail trade sector in Saudi Arabia, relied on annual data from the General Authority for Statistics from 2005 to 2019. Results: The results show that there is a long run relationship between the production of the wholesale and retail trade sector in KSA and the factors of production labour, capital and technology progress. The elasticity of the wholesale and retail trade production with respect to capital and labour are 0.26 and 0.78 respectively; the coefficients are positive and statistically significant. The wholesale and retail trade sector is operating under increasing returns to scale. The main result indicates that the elasticity of the wholesale and retail production with respect to the technology progress is 4.62%, which is positive and statistically significant. Conclusions: The study concluded that technological progress has a positive contribution to the growth of the distribution sector in KSA. Therefore, the technological progress can improve the productivity and efficiency of the resources allocated to the dis.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.59-85
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• 2014

본 연구는 기업의 보상체계와 업무평가 투명성이 생산성에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 호봉제와 같이 임금테이블에 기반을 둔 보상체계는 인센티브에 기반을 둔 보상체계보다 생산성이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 대체로 인센티브와 생산성 간에는 양(+)의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 인사고과를 개별적으로 공개하는 집단에서는 역U자와 같은 비선형의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 인센티브에 기반을 둔 보상체계라 하여도 평가시스템이 투명하지 않다면 인센티브가 생산성에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로 볼 때 본 연구의 결과들은 적절한 인센티브와 업무평가 투명성이 뒷받침될 때 기업의 생산성이 향상될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국사회복지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국사회복지학회 2004년도 심포지엄 한국 사회안전망의 현황과 대책
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• pp.3-50
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• 2004

${\cdot}$ Recent social policy and labour markets debates in Europe, responding to the difficulties faced by the traditional neo-Keynesian welfare state settlement, stress the value of positive investment alongside de-regulation and greater flexibility as a way of achieving both economic and social goals. ${\cdot}$ Patterns of policy reform are complex and reflect differing national circumstances. A general move towards deregulation, constraints on entitlement to passive benefits, programmes to enhance employment, particularly among high-risk groups such as single parents and young people, targeted subsidies for low earners and casemanagement may be identified. ${\cdot}$ In relation to investment in education, research and development and combined training and benefit programmes to enhance mobility between jobs the picture is less clear. Education standards continue to rise, but research and development spending stagnates and few countries have developed substantial ‘flexi-curity’ programmes to support job mobility. ${\cdot}$ The labour market tradition in much of Europe has been one of conflict between labour and employers. As labour grows weaker, new approaches develop. These tend to stress productivity agreements and greater flexibility in work practices within firms and reforms to passive social security systems more broadly, but movement to support the more challenging investment and flexi-curity policies is slow. ${\cdot}$ In general, social and labour market policies in Europe stress deregulation and negative activation more strongly than social investment and ‘flexi-curity’. The countries with high growth and employment achieve that goal by different routes: Sweden has a closely integrated social democratic corporatism with high spending on benefits and training programmes and the UK a more liberal market-oriented system, with lower spending, highly targeted benefits and less mobility support. ${\cdot}$ Europe has something to learn from Korea in achieving high investment in human capital and R and D, while Korea may have something to learn from Europe in social investment, particularly flexi-curity and equal opportunity policies.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.7885-7892
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• 2015

본 연구는 공공병원과 민간병원 간의 생산성을 자본생산성, 노동생산성, 부가가치 생산성으로 구분하여 비교분석하였으며, 연구결과를 토대로 공공병원이 양질의 의료서비스 제공하기 위해 공공성과 수익성을 안정적으로 확보할 수 있는 생산성 제고 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 조사기간은 2013년 회계연도 말을 기준으로 하였으며, 공공병원의 대상은 39개 민간병원은 108개 총 147개 병원으로 조사대상을 선정하였다. 분석방법은 ANOVA분석, 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결론을 보면 생산성 중 노동생산성 변수들이 공공병원의 수익성에 가장 중요한 요인들로 나타났으며, 향후 공공병원의 생산성과 효율성에 큰 영향을 미치기 때문에 효과적인 인적관리체계의 수립이 요구된다. 또한 생산성과 수익성간의 연계를 통하여 분석하여야만 병원의 효율적인 관리에 대한 명확한 평가가 가능해야 할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 1994

The indonesian government wishes to increase farmers' by encouraging dairy farming. Since 1980, imported dairy cattle have been distributed on credit. Survey data from 1990 were used to study the average milk sales per cow and the economic parameters of dairy production of a sample of farm households on seven milk cooperatives East Java Province, in three agro-ecological areas, oriented to sugar cane, cassava and horticulture, respectively. in general, dairy production proved not to be economically attractive as returns to labour were similar to the rates for agricultural labour. The returns showed marked differences among the three areas studied. They were highest in the horticultural area. Analysis of the dairy units according to size showed a tendency for inputs as well as revenue per cow to decline as herd size increased. It is argued that a further increase in milk production in East Java can be stimulated by raising the farm gate price of milk, or by expanding dairy production into suitable, new areas.