• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.473-479
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were compared in galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatitic ICR mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male ICR mice (6 weeks old) were divided into 4 groups: normal control, GalN/LPS, luteolin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside groups. The latter two groups were administered luteolin or luteolin-7-O-glucoside (50 mg/kg BW) daily by gavage for 3 weeks after which hepatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of GalN and LPS (1 g/kg BW and $10{\mu}g/kg\;BW$, respectively). RESULTS: GalN/LPS produced acute hepatic injury by a sharp increase in serum AST, ALT, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ levels, increases that were ameliorated in the experimental groups. In addition, markedly increased expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and its transcription factors, nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$ and activator protein (AP)-1, were also significantly attenuated in the experimental groups. Compared to luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin more potently ameliorated the levels of inflammatory mediators. Phase II enzymes levels and NF-E2 p45-related factor (Nrf)-2 activation that were decreased by GalN/LPS were increased by luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside administration. In addition, compared to luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside acted as a more potent inducer of changes in phase II enzymes. Liver histopathology results were consistent with the mediator and enzyme results. CONCLUSION: Luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside protect against GalN/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity through the regulation of inflammatory mediators and phase II enzymes.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2017

Cordyceps bassiana has long been used as an oriental medicine and reported to possess diverse biological activities. The fruiting bodies of Cordyceps bassiana was extracted with ethanol and then further fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. The butanol fraction from Cordyceps bassiana (CBBF) exhibited the most effective in anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and the roles of CBBF on the anti-inflammation cascade in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were studied. To investigate the mechanism by which CBBF inhibits NO, iNOS and COX-2, the activation of $I{\kappa}B$ and MAPKs in LPS-activated macrophage were examined. Our present results demonstrated that CBBF inhibits NO production and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and these effects were mediated through the inhibition of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$, JNK and p38 phosphorylation. Also, CBBF suppressed activation of MAPKs including p38 and SAPK/JNK. Furthermore, CBBF significantly suppressed LPS-induced intracellular ROS generation. Its inhibition on iNOS expression, together with its antioxidant activity, may support its anti-inflammatory activity. Thus Cordyceps bassiana can be used as a useful medicinal food or drug for further studies.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.293-297
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• 2012

${\gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid-enriched sea tangle extract was obtained from the fermentation of Lactobacillus brevis BJ-20. The fermented sea tangle extract (FST) was separated into three fractions by molecular weight: FST I (greater than 10 kDa), FST II (1-10 kDa), and FST III (less than 1 kDa). The anti-inflammatory characteristics of the FST fractions were investigated by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. Both NO production and iNOS expression levels were significantly inhibited by FST treatments in a dose-dependent manner. FST III was the most effective inhibitor of processes. This demonstrates that the effect of FST on LPS-induced inflammation might be closely correlated with the inhibition of inflammatory cytokine expression.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.135-153
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• 2005

Herbal mixture water extract of (Phellodendron amurense, Scuellaria baiklensis, Spphora flavescens, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Mellaphis chinesis, Alumite, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Glycyrrhiza uralensis), which exhibit several beneficial effects including acne and skin diseases, was tested for anti-microbial activity and anti-inflammation effects. The herbal mixture extract showed antimicrobial activity against Stapylococcus epidermis, Propionibacterium acne, and Malassezia furfur. The growth of Stapylococcus epidermis, Propionibacterium acne, and Malassezia furfur was inhibited allergy and LPS induced cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)gene expression in RAW24.7macrophage. The results indicated th ear swelling and histamine release induced by compound 48/80 were dose-dependently reduced, ranging 11-38% and 11-56%, respectively. Furthermore the extract inhibited the expression of LPS-induced COX-2 proteins and mRNAs without an appreciable cytotoxic effects on RAW264.7 cells. The cytotoxicity of the extract using M7T assay showed the cytotoxicity of 7 and 18% against L929 cell line. Based on these results, it is concluded that the herbal mixture water extract can be applied to the acne and skin diseases therapy.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.55-55
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• 2021

Hibiscus hamabo is a deciduous shrub that grows around salt marshes and is considered a semi-mangrove plant found in Asia. There are no studies on the biological activity of H. hamabo except for studies on the anthocyanin content. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of H. hamabo extract (HHE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. As nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) induced by LPS moves into the nucleus, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inflammatory cytokines are promoted and the inflammatory reaction begins. The nitric oxide (NO) production decreased by the treatment of HHE. Moreover, mRNA levels of inflammation-related cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, were significantly suppressed by HHE. Similarly, the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 were also decreased. The phosphorylation of p65, a subunit of NF-κB, was suppressed by HHE. As a result, HHE can be used as an effective natural material for the anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.463-469
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• 2010

This research is performed to obtain positive evidences of Mori cortex, a kind of oriental medicinal herbs, in the cellular levels. The extracts of M. cortex have shown anti-inflammatory effects against cutaneous inflammation and clinical effects on pulmonary asthma and congestion in oriental medicine. Thus BV2 cells were chosen because microglia are considered as the main immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation of cultured BV2 cells and subsequent release of nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were effectively suppressed by methylene chloride extract of Morus alba L. (MEMA). From the inflammation-mediated mRNA and protein analyses, we showed that inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) induced by LPS were markedly decreased by MEMA treatment. From the observation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-${\kappa}B$) which is controlling and mediating inflammation through COX-2 and iNOS, there showed that p65, a subunit of NF-${\kappa}B$, was increased in nuclear and $I{\kappa}B$, a competitor of NF-${\kappa}B$, was recovered in cytosol after MEMA treatment. These are corresponding with results of iNOS, COX-2, IL-$1{\kappa}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$, and confirm some suppressive effect against transcriptional activation of NF-${\kappa}B$. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory action of M. cortex against BV2 microglia cells is expected to protect nerve tissues through suppression of neuronal inflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.634-643
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• 2023

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is caused by repeated exposure to harmful matter, such as cigarette smoke. Although Lilium longiflorum Thunb (LLT) has anti-inflammatory effects, there is no report on the fermented LLT bulb extract regulating lung inflammation in COPD. Thus, we investigated the protective effect of LLT bulb extract fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus 803 in COPD mouse models induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and porcine pancreas elastase (PPE). Oral administration of the fermented product (LS803) suppressed the production of inflammatory mediators and the infiltration of immune cells involving neutrophils and macrophages, resulting in protective effects against lung damage. In addition, LS803 inhibited CSE- and LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in airway epithelial H292 cells as well as suppressed PMA-induced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in HL-60 cells. In particular, LS803 significantly repressed the elevated IL-6 and MIP-2 production after CSE and LPS stimulation by suppressing the activity of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NFκB) in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Therefore, our results suggest that the fermented product LS803 is effective in preventing and alleviating lung inflammation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.223-231
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• 2010

Objectives : The objective of this study is to study the effects of Euonymi Lignum Suberatatum pharmacopuncture solution on NO and IL-6 production in macrophage. Methods : At first, the RAW 264.7 macrophage was subclutured. In order to evaluate cytotoxicity, MTT assay performed. Then, the cell was induced by LPS, INF-$\gamma$ and Experimental groups were divided into five(Normal, Control, Euonymi Lignum Suberatatum 100, 200, $300{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). Then Euonymi Lignum Suberatatum pharmacopuncture solution was put into cell. We measured IL-6, iNOS, NO. Results : The cytotoxic effect of Euonymi Lignum Suberatatum pharmacopuncture solution in RAW 264.7 macrophage was not appeared. $300{\mu}g/m\ell$ Euonymi Lignum Suberatatum pharmacopuncture solution inhibited IL-6 production in LPS, INF-$\gamma$-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages significantly. Euonymi Lignum Suberatatum pharmacopuncture solution inhibited iNOS revelation in LPS, INF-$\gamma$-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. All group of Euonymi Lignum Suberatatum pharmacopuncture solution inhibited NO production in LPS, INF-$\gamma$-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages significantly. Conclusions : Our study demonstrated that Euonymi Lignum Suberatatum pharmacopuncture solution had an inhibition effect on NO production, iNOS revelation, IL-6 production. So Euonymi Lignum Suberatatum pharmaco puncture solution may have an Anti-inflammation effect.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.483-492
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• 2020

This study provides data to explore functional medicinal food materials that can prevent adult diseases, and verified antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of each solvent fraction of the methanol extract of Salvia plebeia R. Br. in Korea. In the analysis of total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging ability, and FRAP reduction ability as indicators of antioxidant activity, the methanol fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of the Salvia plebeia R. Br. group showed high antioxidant activity. Ethyl acetate fraction of Salvia plebeia R. Br. methanol extract also showed excellent antioxidative activity as compared with BHT. In the mouse macrophage line Raw 264.7 cells, the NO production ability by LPS treatment was significantly increased in the LPS treatment group compared to the untreated group. In inflammatory reactions induced by LPS treatment in Raw 264.7 cells, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, PGE2, IL-1β) and NO production were decreased in the EtOAc fraction and MeOH fraction of the methanol extract of Salvia plebeia R. Br. compared to the case of LPS treatment alone. The anti-inflammatory effect was proved by significantly inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. The present results suggest that Salvia plebeia R. Br. supplementation is beneficial for the suppression of antioxidant and anti-inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.256-262
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• 2024

Blueberry (BB), fruit of Vacciniumi, has been hailed as an antioxidant superfood. BB is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, phenolic acids and known to have a variety of pharmacological actions. The purpose of this work is to clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanism of BB in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophage. We explored the effects of BB on the production of inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophage. Moreover, to investigate the molecular mechanisms by BB, we evaluated whether BB modulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF)-kB pathway and caspase- 1 activation. The findings of this work demonstrated that BB alleviated the LPS-enhanced inflammatory cytokines and PGE₂, as well as COX-2 levels. Additionally, we demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of BB occurs due to the attenuation of IκB-α degradation, NF-kB translocation and caspase-1 activation. Conclusively, these findings provide evidence that BB may be useful agents in the treatment of inflammation.