• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 1989

The effects of gamma irradiation on the survival and development of C. sinensis metacercariae were studied to evaluate the feasibility of irradiation as a control measure for clonorchiasis. Pseudorasbora parve were collected at an endemic river of clonorchiasis and were used for irradiation of the fluke in three schemes. The first (Scheme 1) was irradiation of the isolated metacercariae from the fish followed by infection to experimental rats. The second (Scheme 2) was irradiation of the fish, and then the metacercariae were isolated and in(ected to rats. The third (Scheme 3) was irradiation on the rat livers after infection with normal metacercariae. Irradiation doses varied from 5 to 100 Gy for Schemes 1 and 2, and 10 to 25 Gy for Scheme 3. The rats were sacrificed 2 to 6 weeks after infection. In Scheme 1, the metacercariae irradiated at 50 Gy failed to survive in the rats after 2 or 6 weeks. However, 1 to 44% of the metacercariae irradiated at 5∼30 Gy survived. The estimated LD50 of Scheme 1 was 16.5 Gy. The flukes irradiated in Scheme 2 survived better than those in Scheme 1. The average worm recovery rate in 50 Gy was 28%(7∼39% individually). Increasing the dose up to 100 Gy brought a remarkably low survival rate of an average 1%(0∼3% individually). The LD50 of Scheme 2 was 47.5 Gy. Worm recovery rates in the 10 Gy group of Scheme 3 were 21∼39%, and those in the 25 Gy group were 2% and 34%. Although the metacercariae were irradiated, all of the recovered worms were morphologically normal. Only the worms irradiated with 10 Gy or 25 Gy after 9 days from infection in Scheme 3 showed underdeveloped testes and seminal receptacle. The present results suggest that irradiation of the fish by 100 Gy could be adopted as a control measure for clonorchiasis.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was carried out to determine $LD_{50}$ of benzo[a]pyrene to decide the possibility to designate them as toxic substance on the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances, and to suggest that they should be managed in what level on the Chemical Control Act. Methods: Based on the result of a preliminary study, 300 mg/kg was set as the middle dose. A highest dose of 2,000 mg/kg and a lowest dose of 50 mg/kg were selected based on the OECD TG 423. Benzo[a]pyrene was orally administered once to female and male SD rats at dose levels of 50, 300, 2,000 mg/kg (body weight). All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs and mortality over 14 days. Also testicular spermatid count, motility and etc. were examined as well. Results: Under the condition of this experiment, $LD_{50}$ of benzo[a]pyrene was assumed to be >2,000 mg/kg. In the lesion according to autopsy, there were no specific symptoms in the control and experimental groups. At 2,000 mg/kg, a decrease in the sperm motility was observed. Benzo[a]pyrene should be designated to be toxic substance as the material assumed to be reproduction-toxicity on the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals. Therefore we should abide by legal procedures determined by Chemicals Control Act in treating it. Conclusion: Considering the significant result that sperm motility in the experimental group was inferior to that in the reference group, we suggest that benzo[a]pyrene be designated as a toxic substance.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 2018

Inducing genetic and morphological variation through conventional method is very difficult. Therefore, mutation induction through in vitro technology brings numerous advantages over the conventional breeding. Thus, the individual shoots (1 ~ 2 cm) were irradiated with gamma rays (10 ~ 70 Gy). The result revealed that the explants treated with higher doses (40, 50, 60, and 70 Gy) showed deleterious effects of ionizing radiation. The highest survival rate among ${\gamma}$ treated explants recorded was 71% in 10 Gy treatments while the lowest survivality was 15% in 70 Gy. Lethal dose 50% ($LD_{50}$) dose was found to be 33 Gy. In the in vitro condition, rooting reponse showed that increase in gamma irradiation dose resulted in the inhibition of root growth. Meanwhile, non-treated explants had the best rooting ability with the maximum number of root per explant (20) within a short period of time (6 days), with the highest root length of (15.1 cm). The longer period in rooting (12 days) and lowest number of root per explant (8) with shortest root length (10.1 cm) were recorded at 30 Gy treatment. The highest shoot length (13.6 cm) was observed at control treatment and the shortest shoot length (10.4 cm) was observed at 30 Gy. In the nursery, lowest leaf number (5) was observed at 30 Gy compared with other treatments. The highest chlorophyll content (49.8) was recorded at 10 Gy treated seedling. Irradiated explants with 10 Gy found to be superior over the control treatment and had positive effects in main growth parameters such as chlorophyll content.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 1993

This study aimed at evaluating the preventive effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix and Glycine Semen Extract (GGE) against NAC intoxication. NAC is widely used pesticide in many countries and derivative of carbamats and GGE is well-known antidote to some kinds of toxicants which was referenced from oriental medicine text. The results obtained were as follows: 1) After injecting NAC (100,140 mg/kg), determined Ch.E activities decrease 44.77~50.86% for all experimental groups at one hour after exposure, and were gradually recovered in the course of time. 2) In toxicity test of GGE, there were no sign of death or poisoning up to 5000 mg/kg of GGE for p.o. in mice. From this, we suggest that the LD$_{50}$ of GGE would be above 5000 mg/kg. 3) The Ch.E activity in control group was 471.43 $\pm$ 4.85 luff, group I was 215.27 $\pm$ 23.13 IU/l, group II and group III were 304.03 $\pm$ 9.03 IU/l, 433.81 $\pm$ 21.73 IU/l, respectively. Compare to the control group with experimental group I, remarkable difference revealed (p< 0.01), but the Ch.E activities of group II and III were similar to those of control group. This is indicate that GGE possess a potent activity of recovering Ch.E. GGE had a very remarkable preventive effect on NAC toxicity, and it was able to know that Ch.E activity dramatically increased according to GGE dosage increasing. 4) When GGE and NAC were administered by p.o. simultaneously, LD$_{50}$ and confidence intervals of each group were as follows: the control group: 270 mg/kg, 234.99~310.23 mg/kg, group I and II (GGE 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg by p.o.): 310 mg/kg, 271.69~353.71mg/kg, and 325 mg/kg, 285.09~370.50 mg/kg, respectively. In the comparison with the control group, the protective index was 1.1 and 1.2, respectively. From the above result, GGE has reactivation effect to decreasing Ch.E activity induced by exposure to NAC. Furthermore, GGE shows a preventive effect on NAC intoxication.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.281-292
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the single and 5 week oral dose toxicity of calcitriol and alendronate combination (1 : 10,000) treatment for osteoporosis or Paget's disease in male and female rats. In single dose oral toxicity study, the values of $LD_{50}$ of calcitriol and alendronate mixture were 750.075 mg/kg in male rats and 775.0775 mg/kg in female rats, respectively. Body weight and food consumption were continuously increased after adminstration of calcitriol and alendronate mixtures, and there was no significant changes in body weight and food consumption in all groups. In five-week oral toxicity study of calcitriol and alendronate mixture at a dose of 0.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 2 mg, 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 10 mg, 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 50 mg and 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$ + 250 mg, respectively, there was no mortality, abnormal behavior and appearance in all groups throughout the administration period (5 weeks) and recovery period (2 weeks). Dose-dependent changes in parameters of urinalysis and hematological analysis were not observed in male and female rats treated with calcitriol and alendronate mixtures. All the values of the parameters appeared to be in the normal range. These data indicate that both calcitriol and alendronate are drugs having low toxicity in rats. NOAEL of calcitriol and alendronate mixtures were 50.005 mg/kg in 5-week oral toxicity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.487-492
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on the sensitivity of seizure response to bicuculline, picrotoxin and NMDA in mice. The mice were exposed to either a sham or 20 G ELF-MFs for 24 hours. Convulsants were then administered i.p. at various doses. The seizure induction time and duration were measured and lethal dose ($LD_{50$}) and convulsant dose ($CD_{50}$) of the clonic and tonic convulsion were calculated. The analysis of glutamate, glycine, taurine and GABA of mouse brain was accomplished by HPLC. The mice exposed to ELF-MFs showed moderately higher $CD_{50}.{\;}LD_{50}$ and onset time on the bicuculline-induced seizure. However, the ELF-MFs did not influence them in the NMDA and picrotoxin-induced seizures. After the exposure to MFs exposure, the glutamate level was increased and GABA was decreased significantly in NMDA and picrotoxin-induced seizure. The level of glutamate and GABA were not changed by MFs in bicuculline-induced seizure. These results suggest that ELF-MFs may alter the convulsion susceptibility through GABAergic mechanism with the involvement of the level of glutamate and GABA.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 1987

Present study was carried out to elucidate the effect of phorate (0,0-dietyl S-ethylthiomethyl phosphorodithioate), an organophosphorus insecticide on the acetylcholinesterase(AChE) and cholinesterase(ChE) activity in the chicken brain and plasma. The inhibitory effect of phorate and its metabolites on AChE and ChE activity was also increased in the order of phorate (p=S,S)$(p=S,SO_2)<phoratoxon$ (p=O,S)$(P=O,SO_2)$. Acute oral $LD_{50}$ of phorate was 1.02mg/kg. After oral administration of phorate, the activity of plasma ChE was inhibited more rapidly then that of brain AChE, whereas recovery of plasma ChE activity was more rapid than that of brain AChE activity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study is the work environment management method through risk assessment and investigation of the work place that deals with Ammonium nitrate, based on information in and outside the country. Methods: This study suggests method of work environment management through risk assessment and investigation of the work place that deals with Ammonium nitrate, and finds out cases of Ammonium nitrate causing hazard, danger and health risk, based on literature investigation. Results: Rats exposed repeatedly to $LD_{50}$ 2,217 mg/kg(rat), $LC_{50}$ 88.8 mg/L(rat, skin) which cause high level of skin irritation, reported 1 $mg/m^3$ of NOAEL, while LOAEL was less than 100 mg/kg for the rats orally administered with the $LD_{50}$ 2,217 mg/kg(rat), $LC_{50}$ 88.8 mg/L(rat, skin), for 13 weeks. Domestically 31,640 ton/y of ammonium nitrate has been used in 22 workplace and the result of workplace assessment was 0.0171-0.9983 $mg/m^3$. ADD was 8.77-59.63 ${\mu}g/kg-day$ according to the exposure scenario. In other words the result of the risk assessment goes beyond the 'standard 1'. Conclusions: Ammonium nitrate creates a high level of irritation and toxicity when coming in breathe it or contact with skin, and is classified as category3 of GHS and specific target organ toxicant (irritating respiratory system). Exposure level at work places needs to be maintained under $1mg/m^3$, to prevent workers from being damaged.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.5 no.1 s.8
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• pp.61-79
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• 2002

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate acute and subacute toxicity and sarcoma-180 anti-cancer effects of Herbal acupuncture with Anneniacae amarum semen (Haeng-in) in mice and rats. Method: Balble mice were injected intraperitoneany with Haeng-In extract for $LD_{50}$ and acute toxicity test. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with Haeng-In extract for subacute toxicity test. TheAnneniacae amarum semen Herbal-Acupuncture was injected on Chung-wan (CV12) of mice with Sarcoma-180 cancer cell line. Results: 1. $LD_{50}$ was uncountable as none of the subjects expired from the treatment groups during the test. 2. The clinical signs and the body weight of mice treated with 0.1cc and 0.2cc Haeng-In extract were not affected during the acute toxicity test. 3. In acute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of mice, total protein and albumin were decreased in treatment group Ⅰ. Glucose was increased, and total cholesterol was decreased in treatment groups. GPT was increased in treatment group Ⅰ. 4. In subacute toxicity test, toxic symptoms were not detected in the treatment groups. 5. In subacute toxicity test, the body weight was increased in treatment groups on 14th and 21st day. 6. In subacute toxicity test. liver weight was increased in treatment group Ⅱ, and spleen weight was increased in treatment group Ⅱ. Lung weight was increased in an the treatment groups.(p<0.05) 7. In subacute toxicity test, severe tissue injury was found in lung and liver, especially treatment group Ⅰshowed more significant lung damage compared to treatment group l. 8. In subacute toxicity test, WBC. MCH and MCHC were increased in an the treatment groups, RBC, HGB and HCT were decreased in treatment group H(p<0.05). 9. In subacute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of rats, triglyceride was decreased in all the treatment groups. ALP was decreased in treatment group Ⅰ. and creatinine was decreased in treatment group Ⅱ. BUN/CR was increased in treatment group Ⅱ(p<0.05). 10. Median survival time of Sarcoma-180 cancer cell treated with Haeng-In was increased in all the treatment groups by twenty percent, compared to the control group(p<0.05). 11. Natural killer cell activity about the Sarcoma-180 cell was decreased at the ratio of 100:1 but was increased at the ratio of 10:1. In treatment group Ⅱ, increase was found at the ratio of 100:1 and 50:1 (p<0.05). 12. Interleukin-2 productivity of the Sarcoma-180 cell was decreased in treatment group I, but was increased in treatment group Ⅱ(p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, we can conclude Herbal-acupuncture with Anneniacae amarum semen caused toxicity, and had effects in Sarcoma-180 cancer cell.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.120-136
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• 2002

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate Acute and Subacute Toxicity, and Anti-cancer Effect of H Herbal-acupuncture on mice and rats. Methods : Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with H Herbal-acupuncture for $LD_{50}$ and acute toxicity test. Sprague-Dawley rats were experimented in the same way for subacute toxicity test. H Herbal-acupuncture was injected into abdomen of mice having S-180 cancer cell line. Result : 1. During the test, $LD_{50}$ could not be counted since there was no expired subjects. 2. In an acute toxicity test, the loss of motility and reflex action was observed, but weight increased in the treatment group, compared with those in the normal group (P<0.05). 3. In an acute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of mice, glucose increased in the treatment group II while total cholesterol was increased in the all treatment groups (P<0.05). 4. In a subacute toxicity test, a little loss of motility and reflex action was observed in the treatment group. Weight of mice in the treatment group decreased on the 28th day. 5. In a subacute toxicity test, liver weight was decreased but lung weight of mice increased in the all treatment groups (P<0.05). 6. As a result of measuring Complete Blood Count test (CBC) of rat, HCT was decreased in treatments even though it was not significant, compared with the normal group (P<0.05). 7. In a serum biochemical value test of subacute toxicity, total protein and albumin decreased in the all treatment groups. Creatinine, glucose, GOT increased in the treatment group I compared with the control group. Alkaline phos-phatase decreased in treatment II group, compared with the control group (P<0.05). 8. Median survival time that was measured in the rats treated with sarcoma-180 cancer cell Median decreased in the treatment group, compared with the control group (P<0.05). 9. Natural killer cell activity showed significant reduction at 100:1 and 10:1 E/T ratio while it increased at 50:1 E/T ratio. It is inferred that there was an error in the experiment (P<0.05). 10. In an interleukin-2 productivity test, even though it decreased in lung cancer, and increased in abdomen cancer, but it was only a small difference (P<0.005). 11. After injecting B16F10 cell into a capillary vessel of C57BL/6 mice and generating metastasized lung cancer, the lung was examined with the naked eye. It was not possible to see metastasized cancer in the all groups on the seventh day but the cancer was viewed on the fourteenth day. The number and volume of metastasized cancer in the treatment group enlarged in the treatment group, compared with the control group. Conclusion : According to the results, H herbal-acupuncture took no effects in cancer.