• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.17-26
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• 2009

Objectives: Little information is available regarding the effect of Lycii cortex radicis (LCR) on cell viability in glioma cells. This study was therefore undertaken to examine the effect of LCR on cell survival in U87MG human glioma cells. Methods: Cell viability and cell death were estimated by MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion assay, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using the fluorescence probe DCFH-DA. Activation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and activation of caspase-3 were estimated by Western blot analysis. Results: LCR resulted in apoptotic cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. LCR increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and LCR-induced cell death was also prevented by antioxidants, suggesting that ROS generation played a critical role in LCR-induced cell death. Western blot analysis showed that LCR treatment caused down-regulation of Akt and ERK. The LCR-induced cell death was increased by the inhibitors of Akt and ERK. Activation of caspase-3 was stimulated by LCR and caspase inhibitors prevented the LCR-induced cell death. Conclusion: These findings suggest that LCR results in human glioma cell death through a mechanism involving ROS generation, down-regulation of Akt and ERK, and caspase activation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1587-1592
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• 2007

Locus control region (LCR) is a cia-acting element which regulates the transcription of genes in developmental stage and/or tissue-specific pattern. Typically, LCR consists of several DNase I hypersensitive sites (HSs), where the binding motifs for transcriptional activators are present. The binding of activators to the HSs recruits chromatin modifying complexes to the LCR, opening chromatin structure and modifying histones covalently through the locus. LCR forms close physical contact with target gene located at a distance by looping away intervening region. In addition, non-coding RNA is transcribed from LCR toward target genes in continuously acetylated active domain. These structural and functional features of LCR suggest that the LCR plays many roles in chromatin activation and transcriptional regulation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.471-477
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• 1991

The optimum conditions for the development of a lactic acid beverage from the concentrated whey were studied using reverse osmosis system. For lactose hydrolysis rate and acid productivity, the strain mixture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus was more efficient than that of Streptococcus cremoris and Streptococcus lactis. The titratable acidity was increased at higher LCR (lactose concentration ratio) of whey. However, the higher LCR of whey was, the slower the pH decreasing rate was. The amount of sediment was maximum at LCR of 1.0 : 1 whey, hit there was no sediment at LCR 3.0 : 1 whey after 12 hours. Propylene glycol alginate was the best stabilizer and prevented from sedimentation at the concentation of less than 0.1%. Aspartame as a sweetener of yoghurt flavor had the best palatability.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.411-419
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• 2012

The present study was to investigate the effects of Lycii Cortex Radicis (LCR), the root bark of lycium (Lycium chenese Miller) and ginger (Gin) on body lipid status and serum levels of cytokines. Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats weighing $193.6{\pm}16.8g$ were divided into five groups, including one low fat (LF) and four high fat groups, i.e. HF-Control, HF-LCR, HF-Gin and HF-LCR + Gin groups. Diets for HF-LCR, HF-Gin and HF-LCR + Gin groups contained purified extracts having 0.2 g LCR tyramine, ginerol and 0.1 g tyramine plus 0.02 g gingerol per kg, respectively. Compared with those of the HF-Control total serum cholesterol level decreased, and HDL-cholesterol level increased in the HF-LCR group and serum triglyceride levels decreased in the three experimental groups fed the purified extracts. Liver cholesterol level was lower in the HF-LCR group than the HF-Control group, but triglyceride levels, which were increased by high fat diets were not changed by significantly by LCR or ginger extracts. Fecal lipid excretion was higher in the HF-LCR and HF-Gin groups, but cholesterol excretion was lower in the HF-Gin group than in the HF-Control group. The activities of liver cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme were lower in the HF-LCR + Gin group than in the HF-Control group. Serum adiponectin levels did not differ among the five groups, while leptin level was lower in the HF-Gin group and C-reactive protein levels were lower in the HF-Gin and the HF-LCR + Gin groups than in the HF-Control group. It is concluded that LCR can be utilized as an ingredient for lipid-lowering functional foods in the form of purified extract and addition of small amount of ginger extract would be useful for reducing one of the inflammatory cytokines to help prevent atherosclerosis.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1996

In order to Improve the fracture toughness of epoxy resin system, liquid chloroprene rubber(LCR) and liquid butadiene rubber (LBR) which have hydroxy group were used in the brittle epoxy system. Mechanical and toughness characterization of the modified epoxy resins were investigated as a function of liquid rubbers content. Epoxy resins modified with both of the liquid rubbers showed complete phase-separation microstructure : In all of the LCR content, it was observed that the domain size of LCR dispersed in the epoxy matrix ranging from $2{\mu}m\;to\;5{\mu}m$. It was found that fracture toughness, $K_{ic}$, of the modified LCR system was enhanced continuously as increasing LCR content. However around 10phr of LBR system showed maximum fracture toughness. Specifically, when BPA add to the modified LCR system, thermal and mechanical properties increased than neat epoxy. At the same time, fracture toughness was enhanced.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2009

Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) have continually been made smaller in size and larger in capacity in resent years. However, the end termination electrode is still thick in many MLCCs. In this study, we used small grain glass frit to embody thin film and highly densification in the end termination by improve sintering driving force with well-dispersion and rising surface energy. Pastes were fabricated using size changed glass frit, such as 0.1 ${\mu}m$, 0.5 ${\mu}m$, 1.0 ${\mu}m$, 4.0 ${\mu}m$. Fabricated pastes were applied 05A475KQ5 chip and fired various sintering temperatures to analyze sintering behavior of pastes. Consequently, small glass frit used pastes have many merits than larger, such as well-dispersion, improve cornercoverage and surface roughness, possibility of low temperature sintering. However, we confirmed that small glass frit used pastes have narrow sintering window by rapid completion of sintering densification.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.281-289
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• 2000

Background : Mycobacterial culture is a confirmatory test to detect. M. tuberculosis, but it takes at least 6 weeks to diagnose. PCR is a rapid and sensitive method, but it is known that PCR has a high false positive rate due to contamination, and a high false negative rate due to inhibitors. It is also known that LCR and PCR-Hybridization, recently developed methods, are more specific methods than PCR in terms of detecting M. tuberculosis. In this study, we estimated the clinical utility of in house PCR, LCR and PCR-Hybridization for the detection of M. tuberculosis. Methods : We evaluated 75 specimens, upon which M. tuberculosis culture based testing was requested, by PCR LCR, and PCR-Hybridization and compared results. Mycobacterial culture was performed on 3% Ogawa media for 8 weeks, and an in house PCR, LCx Mycobacterium tuberculosis assay kit (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, III) and the AMPLICOR M. tuberculosis test kit (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. Branchburg, NJ. USA). Results : In the view of the culture results, the sensitivities of the three tests were 40%, 80%, and 100% and their specificities were 98.6%, 94.3%, and 94.3%. Conclusion : LCR and PCR-Hybridization are rapid and sensitive methods for detecting M. tuberculosis in clinical laboratories.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.412-420
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• 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypocholesterolemic effect and potential of tyramine derivatives from Lycii Cortex Radicis (LCR), the root bark of lycium (Lycium chenese Miller) in reducing lipid peroxidation. The activities of enzymes, hepatic 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and LDL oxidation were measured in vitro and animal experiments were also performed by feeding LCR extracts to rats. The test compounds employed for in vitro study were trans-N-p-coumaroyltyramine (CT) and trans-N-feruloyltyramine (FT), LCR components, N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin (CS) and N-feruloylserotonin (FS) from safflower seeds, ferulic acid (FA) and 10-gingerol. It was observed that FT and FS at the concentration of 1.2 mg/mL inhibited liver microsomal HMG CoA reductase activity by ~40%, but no inhibition of activity was seen in the cases of CT, CS, FA and 10-gingerol. Whereas, ACAT activity was inhibited ~50% by FT and CT, 34-43% by FS and CS and ~80% by 10-gingerol at the concentration of 1 mg/mL. A significant delay in LDL oxidation was induced by CT, FT, and 10-gingerol. For the animal experiment, five groups of Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed high fat diets containing no test material (HF-control), 1 and 2% of LCR ethanol extract (LCR1 and LCR2), and 1% of extracts from safflower seed (Sat) and ginger (Gin). The results indicated that total cholesterol level was significantly lower in Saf, LCR2 and Gin groups, and HDL cholesterol level was lower only in Gin group when compared with HF-control group; while there was no difference in the serum triglyceride levels among the five experimental groups. The level of liver cholesterol was significantly lower in LCR1 and LCR2 groups than HF-control Serum levels of TBARS were significantly lower only in LCR2 group when compared with HF-control group. From the observed results, we concluded that LCR can be utilized as a hypocholesterolemic ingredient in combination with ginger, especially for functional foods.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.213-225
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• 1994

The Purpose of this dissertation is to study the preparation technique and physical properties of expanded rubber. The respective samples of NR, NBR and the standard compounds of EPDM rubber were prepared by mixing plasticizer DOP and LCR in various ratio. And their vulcanization characteristics, physical properties and foaming states were studied. Vulcanization characteristics were investigated using cure curve that had been obtained from Oscillating Disk Rheometer study, and the microscopic photographs of foaming states were obtained using electron microscope. The vulcanization characteristics of the samples, DOP 30phr and LCR 30phr, were found to be suitable. The tests, like hardness test and resilience, tensile test on the physical properties of each sample showed that plasticizing efficiencies of DOP and LCR were almost the same. Oil resistance test exhibited DOP was better than LCR and compression set test showed LCR was excellent plasticizer. The foaming states of NR, EPDM compounds were uniform, but those of NBR compounds were not uniform. Consequently vulcanization characteristics, physical properties and foaming states of all the samples satisfied the SAE requirements.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.892-897
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• 2007

This paper presents the output filter design and the output characteristic analysis by cut-off frequency set up of the LCR filter on NPC multi-level inverter with trap-filter. The single-phase NPC three-level inverter operates at low switching frequency. The proposed LC trap filter is comprised of a conventional LCR output filter, by using LC trap filter the need for high damping resistor and low LC cut-off frequency is eliminated. Also. low damping resistor is increased the output filter system. The multilevel inverter system used NPC type inverter in proper system for high power application and controller is used DSP(TMS320C31). The effectiveness of proposed system confirmed the validity through SPICE simulation and experimental results.