• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 2008

As part of studies on functional food development from the acorn (Quercus acutissima CARRUTHERS), this study investigated the antioxidant properties of the acorn using response surface methodology. Optimal extraction conditions were established by monitoring total phenol levels, electron donating ability, antioxidant ability and nitrite-scavenging action using response surface analysis under a central composite design. The extraction temperature varied in the $30-70^{\circ}C$, the extraction time between 1-5 h, and the solvent ratio was in the interval 5-25mL/g of sample. Extracted total phenols were highest at $57.91^{\circ}C$, 4.08 h, and 22.39 mL/g. This extraction was influenced by solvent ratio, but not by extraction time or temperature. Electron donating ability was found to be highest at $60.37^{\circ}C$, 2.85h, and 6.47 mL/g. The highest antioxidant level was 2.09 AI at $37.11^{\circ}C$, 1.67 h, and 18.84 mL/g, and this value was greatly influenced by all of extraction temperature, extraction time, and solvent ratio. Nitrite-scavenging ability was found to be highest at $47.07^{\circ}C$, 1.24h, and 19.55mL/g. Changes in nitrite-scavenging ability were most influenced by solvent ratio, followed by extraction temperature, but no influence of extraction time within the range tested was found.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.556-560
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• 1997

The removal efficiency of COD and the production of ${\delta}-aminolevulinic$ acid (ALA) were concurrently investigated for both purifying the soybean curd wastewater of high BOD and utilizing the wastewater as a renewable substrate of ALA production using Rhodobacter capsulatus KK-10. Its wastewater was a favorable media for the growth of photosynthetic bacteria in terms of its environmental characteristics having COD/BOD rate of 0.98, ratio of BOD : N : P=100 : 6 : 4, BOD/N ratio of 17.2, lactic acid of 1,080 ppm. Its COD value wastewater was decreased to 94% and dry cell weight was approached to about 1.2 g/l after cultivation of the photosynthetic bacteria for 4 days. By the addition of 15 mM levulinic acid (LA) into the wastewater at the middle log phase of cell growth, the amount of ALA secreted was 55 mg/l. The ALA production was considerably increased to 114 mg/l under the cultural condition of 15 mM supplementations of glycine and succinate with LA at the same period. Furthermore the maximum ALA production of 120 mg/l and COD removal efficiency of 92% were accomplished in the soybean curd wastewater enriched with one addition of 15 mM LA and three serial additions 15 mM ALA precursors.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.55-60
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate production characterisitic of methane gas in anaerobic digestion reactor according to input type of food waste. In the production rates of $CH_4$ gas per g $VS_{added}$, reactor R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 in which sewage sludge and food waste were combined with mixing ratio of 1:0.1, 1:0.3, 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2 showed 85mL, 62mL, 67mL, 72mL, and 73mL $CH_4/g$ $VS_{added}$ which were much more than sewage sludge digestion alone. Methane content according to crushing size of food waste respectively showed 51.1%(raw food), 53.1%(2~4mm), and 50.6%(<2mm), In case of methane production according to washing of food waste, R12(7~8 times washing) showed the highest methane production.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.1 s.270
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• pp.45-51
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• 2007

Background: Although echocardiography is usually used for quantitative assessment of left ventricular function, the recently developed 16-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is not only capable of evaluating the coronary arteries but also left ventricular function. Therefore, the objective of our study was to compare the values of left ventricular function quantified by MDCT to those by echocardiography for evaluation of its regards to clinical applications. Material and Method: From 49 patients who underwent MDCT in our hospital from November 1, 2003 to January 31, 2005, we enrolled 20 patients who underwent echocardiography during the same period for this study. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVI), stroke volume index (SVI), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and ejection fraction (EF) were analyzed. Result: Average LVEDVI ($80.86{\pm}34.69mL$ for MDCT vs $60.23{\pm}29.06mL$ for Echocardiography, p<0.01), average LVESVI ($37.96{\pm}24.52mL$ for MDCT vs $25.68{\pm}16.57mL$ for Echocardiography, p<0.01), average SVI ($42.90{\pm}15.86mL$ for MDCT vs $34.54{\pm}17.94mL$ for Echocardiography, p<0.01), average LVMI ($72.14{\pm}25.35mL$ for MDCT vs $130.35{\pm}53.10mL$ for Echocardiography, p<0.01), and average EF ($55.63{\pm}12.91mL$ for MOCT vs $59.95{\pm}12.75ml$ for Echocardiography, p<0.05) showed significant difference between both groups. Average LVEDVI, average LVESVI, and average SVI were higher in MDCT, and average LVMI and average EF were higher in echocardiogram. Comparing correlation for each parameters between both groups, LVEDVI $(r^2=0.74,\;p<0.0001)$, LVESVI $(r^2=0.69,\;p<0.0001)$ and SVI $(r^2=0.55,\;p<0.0001)$ showed high relevance, LVMI $(r^2=0.84,\;p<0.0001)$ showed very high relevance, and $EF (r^2=0.45,\;p=0.0002)$ showed relatively high relevance. Conclusion: Quantitative assessment of left ventricular volume and function using 16-slice MDCT showed high relevance compared with echocardiography, therefore may be a feasible assessment method. However, because the average of each parameters showed significant difference, the absolute values between both studies may not be appropriate for clinical applications. Furthermore, considering the future development of MDCT, we expect to be able to easily evaluate the assessment of coronary artery stenosis along with left ventricular function in coronary artery disease patients.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 1989

Complex formation of water-soluble polyparacyclophanes bearing two diphenylmethane or two diphenyl ether skeletons with l-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) and 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) was investigated quantitatively to develop useful host compounds comparing with ${\alpha}\;-\;and\;{\beta}-cyc1odextrins$$({\alpha}-\;and\;{\beta}-CyDs$) in aqueous solution. Benesi-Hildebrand type analysis of the fluorescent intensity showed that the dissociation constants (Kd) of paracyclophane-ANS complexes were $1.55\;{\times}\;10^{-4}M$ for 1,6,20,25-tetraaza[6.1.6.1]paracyclophane(CPM 44) and $1.23\;{\times}\;10^{-4}M$ for 1,7,21,27-tetraaza[7.1.7.1]paracyclophane (CPM 55), and those of paracyclophane-TNS complexes were $6.99\;{\times}\;10^{-6}M$ for CPM 44 and $6.23\;{\times}\;10^{-5}M$ for CPM 55, in 1:1 molar ratio. On the other hand, the Kd values of 1,7,21,27-tetraaza-14,34-dioxa[7.1.7.1]paracyclophane (CPE 55)-ANS, 1,8,22,29-tetraaza-15,36-dioxa[8.1.8.1]paracyclophane (CPE 66)-ANS, CPE 55-TNS, CPE 66-TNS complexes were $1.75\;{\times}\;10^{-3}M$, $3.07\;{\times}\;10^{-3}M$, $3.75\;{\times}\;10^{-3}M$ and $2.15\;{\times}\;10^{-3}M$, respectively. On the contrary, the Kd values of ${\alpha}-CyD-ANS$, ${\beta}-CyD-ANS$, ${\alpha}-CyD-TNS$ and ${\beta}-CyD-TNS$ complexes were found to be $3.98\;{\times}\;10^{-2}M$, $1.05\;{\times}\;10^{-2}M$, $1.38\;{\times}\;10^{-2}M$ and $3.52\;{\times}\;10^{-4}M$, respectively. These results mean that the complexation of CPMs with ANS or TNS is by 5.6-1,975 fold stronger than that for ${\alpha}-or\;{\beta}-CyDs$, and the complex formation of CPEs with ANS or TNS is nearly same as or somewhat stronger than that for ${\alpha}-or\;{\beta}-CyDs$. From the Kd values determined at different temperatures, thermodynamic parameters were calculated and the complexation was found to be a spontaneous exothermic reaction. The effects of pH on Kd values of CPM 44-ANS, and CPM 55-ANS complexes were negligible in the range of pH 1.2-1.8. However, the Kd values of these complexes increased significantly with increasing ionic strength.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.02a
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• pp.34-35
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• 2001

The wavelength demultiplexer is an essential component in optical transmission systems using wavelength-division multiplexing(WDM), which can increase the number of channels and information capacity of optical fibers. For optical telecommunication, much attention has been given to demultiplexing two wavelengths in the 1.3${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ of low dispersion band and 1.55${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ of low loss window. Various integrated-optical devices have been proposed to perform this function, including conventional directional couplers, asymmetric Y-branching devices, asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometers and two-mode interference devices. (omitted)

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2010

In order to evaluate anti-wrinkle activity of Carex humilis extract, free radical scavenging activity, elastase inhibitory activity and reduction of expression Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) mRNA and MMP-1 protein were investigated. The roots of Carex humilis were extracted with 95 % ethanol and successively partitioned with organic solvents with increasing polarity of the solvents. Each fraction of organic solvent were investigated by using free radical scavenging activity and elastase inhibitory activity test. Among them, EtOAc fraction showed antioxidant activity ($SC_{50}$=4.89 ${\mu}g/mL$) and elastase inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}$=23.5 ${\mu}g/mL$). EtOAc fraction was developed on silica gel by open-column chromatography and consecutively re-developed on C18 resin by prep-HPLC to give ${\alpha}$-viniferin as a major component, which was confirmed by spectrometric analysis. In the assay on expression of MMP-1 mRNA by RT-PCR and protein by western-blot, EtOAc layer (10 ~ 100 ${\mu}g/mL$) was reduced about 50 ~ 60 %, 50 ~ 65 % respectively and ${\alpha}$-viniferin (0.5 ~ 2 ${\mu}g/mL$) was inhibited about 60 ~ 75 %, 55 ~ 65 % respectively in human fibroblast. Therefore, our findings suggest that EtOAc layer of Carex humilis containing ${\alpha}$-viniferin can be useful as an active ingredient for cosmeceuticals of anti-wrinkle effects.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 2003

Inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate compounds accumulate in recirculating aquaculture systems. These nutrients must be removed from the system before they affect pH and fish health. For this purpose, aquatic plants are a simple and inexpensive method of removal. There are four commonly used aquatic plants: Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce), Hygrophila angustifolia, and Hydrocotyle leucocephala in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems in Korea, but their efficiencies are not known. Therefore, removal efficiencies of inorganic nutrients from a freshwater recirculating aquaculture water with four commonly used aquatic plants were tested. Removing efficiencies of TAN, N $O_2$$^{[-10]}$ -N, and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N of the plants in 210 L aquaria for 48-hour period were tested. The removing efficiencies of TAN, N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N, and P $O_4$$^{3-}$-P of the two most effective plants, water hyacinth and water lettuce, were also tested in 690 L (surface area of 1.55 $m^2$) tanks under 2 different initial stocking densities, 4 kg and 6 kg, for 22 days. Proximate analysis major nutrients and N and P contents of the all plants were analyzed for calculating net removal weight of N and P by the plants. Water lettuce was the most effective for removing TAN, N $O_2$$^{[-10]}$ -N, and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N from the water for 48-hour period tested followed by water hyacinth and Hygrophila angustifolia. Water lettuce reduced TAN, N $O_2$$^{[-10]}$ -N, and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N concentration from 2.3 mg/L, 0.197 mg/L, and 21.4 mg/L to 0.4 mg/L, 0.024 mg/L and 17.4 mg/L, respectively while water hyacinth reduced them down to 0.6 mg/L, 0.029 mg/L and 17.9 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of TAN, N $O_2$$^{[-10]}$ -N, and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N in Hydrocotyle leucocephala group were rather increased up to 3.7 mg/L, 5.7 mg/L and 48.2 mg/L, respectively. This is because the creeping stem of Hydrocotyle leucocephala had to be cut to meet stocking weight resulting in decaying of the stem in the aquaria during experiment. The net growth in weight of water hycinth and water lettuce of 4 kg each in the 1.55 $m^2$ tanks for 22 days were 9.768 kg and 10.803 kg respectively, and those at initial weight of 6 kg each were 8.393 kg and 9.433 kg, respectively. The reason of lower net growth in the later group was restricted growth space. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in water hyacinth were 2.89% and 0.27%, and those in water lettuce were 3.87% and 0.36%, respectively. Average quantities of removed N and P from 1.55 $m^2$ tanks by water hyacinth for 22 days were 18.9 g and 1.75 g, while those by water lettuce were 36.8 g and 3.5 g, respectively. Therefore water lettuce showed much higher efficiencies for removing both N and P from recirculating aquaculture water than water hyacinth.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.46-49
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• 2011

A highly sensitive and selective extraction-spectrophotometric method has been developed for determination of trace amounts of cimetidine. This method is based on the extraction of cimetidine as an ion pair with bromothymol blue (BTB) into chloroform and measuring its absorbance at 417 nm. The effect of different variables such as pH, concentration of BTB, volume of chloroform and shaking time was investigated. The effect of interfering ions on the extraction was also studied. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.25-8 ${\mu}gmL^{-1}$ with correlation coefficient of 0.9997. The detection limit based on 3Sb was 0.14 ${\mu}gmL^{-1}$ and relative standard deviation for 10 replicated measurements of 1.0 and 4.0 ${\mu}gmL^{-1}$ of cimetidine was 3.2 and 1.49%, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of cimetidine in pharmaceutical samples with good recoveries.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.78-82
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to survey the anti-HBs positivity and titers of antibody in current students who received nationwide vaccination against Hepatitis B virus which targeted infants in 1995. The subjects were 262 students in Gyeongnam province from April 2014 to October 2014. The positive rate of anti-HBs was 55.3% (145 people) and the negative rate of anti-HBs was 44.7% (117 people). Positivity was shown to be higher in women than men. However, there was no statistically significant difference. Of the HBV-vaccinated subjects, 117 (44.7%) had anti-HBs titer <10, which is judged to be negative, 126 (47.8%) had anti-HBs titer 10-499.9 mIU/mL, which is judged to be positive, and 22 (7.3%) had anti-HBs titer more than 500 mIU/mL. The rate of anti-HBs with lower titer (10-99.9 mIU/mL) was 62% in the positive group. Classifying the antibody titer according to age, the rate of anti-HBs positivity in titer with less than 100 mIU/mL was indicated to be 78.3% in cases of 19-20 year old and 46.7% in 21-22 year old, 52.3% in 23-24 year old. A case of the lower titer with 10-99.9 mIU/mL, showed significant difference according to age. As a result of research, the antibody titers is decreased depending on the passage of time. Hence, the checking of anti-HBs titer is needed after Hepatitis B vaccination and many healthy adults will need periodic boosters of hepatitis B vaccine to maintain production of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen.