• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.169-173
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• 2008

A field monitoring was conducted in order to find out the discharge characteristics of non-point source pollutants in the agricultural area. Event Mean Concentration (EMC) of TSS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, TP, TN was calculated based on the monitoring data of 10 rainfall events at agricultural watersheds. A significant relationship was observed from the correlation between EMCs and rainfall characteristics. The result shows that EMC ranges of 95% confidence intervals were 50.5~203 mg/L for TSS, 0.8~14.2 mg/L for $BOD_5$, 4.2~20.7 mg/L for $COD_{Mn}$, 2.4~4.5 mg/L for TN and 0.2~0.5 mg/L for TP, respectively. The correlation coefficients between TSS and TP and between $BOD_5$ and $COD_{Mn}$ were found to be 0.912 and 0.961. But TN was lower correlated with other EMC factors. It was also found that rainfall characteristics was not correlated with EMCs.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방재학회 2008년도 정기총회 및 학술발표대회
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• pp.783-786
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• 2008

The main goal of this study is to understand the effects of direct-runoff of chemistry and organic fertilizers which are adsorbing to sediment from farmland and non-point source discharge characteristics which are discharged to stream with soil erosion when rainfalls. pollutographs of TSS, BOD, COD, TN, and TP were measured for 10 rainfall events at watershed. EMC (Event Mean Concentration) were calculated for each rainfall event using quality and quantity measured. The result shows that the EMC ranges of 95% confidence intervals are 50.5-203 mg/L for TSS, 0.8-14.2 mg/L for $BOD_5$, 4.2-20.7 mg/L for $COD_{Mn}$, 0.2-0.5 mg/L for TP, 2.4-4.5 mg/L for TN, 1.36-3.04 mg/L for NO3--N, 0.13-0.42 mg/L for NH4+-N and 0.82-1.77 mg/L for TKN.

• 생태와환경
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.9-21
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• 2011

화진포호에서 장기간의 수환경변화를 알아보기 위해 2000년부터 2008년까지 염분, 용존산소, 총인 및 총질소등 이 화학적 조사를 하였으며, 동식물플랑크톤은 2007년과 2008년에 조사하였다. 화진포호에서 2000년부터 2008년까지 조사된 수질자료를 보면 수온, 염분, 투명도, COD 및 DO는 각각 $2.8{\sim}29.4^{\circ}C$, 0.23~41.8‰, $0.2{\sim}2.8\;m$, $0.2{\sim}20.2\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 및 $0.1{\sim}17.4\;mg\;L^{-1}$의 범위로 평균은 각각 $18.0^{\circ}C$, 15.7‰, 0.7 m, $5.7\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 및 $8.0\;mg\;L^{-1}$이었다. Chl.${\alpha}$은 $0.3{\sim}242.5\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$으로 평균 $32.8\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$이었다. TP와TN는 각각 $0.024{\sim}0.869\;mg\;L^{-1}$(평균 0.091) 및 $0.240{\sim}5.310\;mg\;L^{-1}$(평균 1.235)의 범위를 보였다. TN/TP 비는 평균 16.4이었다. COD, TP, TN 및 Chl.${\alpha}$의 연변화를 보면 COD는 2000년에 $4.83m\;mg\;L^{-1}$이었으나 2008년에는 $1.80\;mg\;L^{-1}$로 매년 $0.34\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 감소를 보였다. TP는 2000년에 $0.07\;mg\;L^{-1}$이였으나 2008년에는 $0.05\;mg\;L^{-1}$로 차츰 감소하였다. TN은 2000년에 $1.54\;mg\;L^{-1}$이었으니 2008년에는 $0.77\;mg\;L^{-1}$로 매년 $0.09\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 감소하였다. Chl.${\alpha}$은 2000년에 $46.30\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$이었으나 2008년에는 $5.78\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$로 매년 $4.50\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$씩 감소하였다. 화진포호의 Orgnic-N, $NO_3$-N, $NH_3$-N 및 $NO_2$-N의 평균 존재 형태별 구성 비율은 각각 78.9, 7.0, 12.4 및 0.8%로 대부분 유기질소 형태이었다. 부영양화도 지수는 남호와 북호에서 2000년에 각각 67과 63에서 2008년에는 63과 59로 감소하였다. 화진포 남호와 북호에서 2007년과 2008년 조사기간 동안 출현한 식물플랑크톤은 총 56속 69종이었다. 식물 플랑크톤의 현존량은 남호가 북호가 각각 18~21,961 및 $153{\sim}10,070\;cells\;mL^{-1}$의 범위로 남호에서 더 많았으며, 남 북호 모두 2007년 7윌에 최소를 보였다. 우점종은 남호의 경우 2007년 5월에 Asterococcus superbus, 9월에 Lyngbya sp., 11월에 Trachelomonas spp.이었으며, 2008년 7월에는 Anabaena spiroides로 시기에 따라 크게 다른 양상을 보였다. 남호와 북호의 종 다양성 지수는 0.87~1.98 (평균 1.41) 및 0.42~1.47 (평균1.07)로 남 북호 모두 2008년 5월에 높았다. 화진포호에서 출현한 동물플랑크톤은 총 31속 35종이었다. 남호의 우점종은 2007년 5, 7월과 2008년 5, 11월에는 요각류의 유생이었으나, 2007년 9월에는 미동정원생동물, 2008년 8월에는 Brachionus plicatilis이었다. 북호의 우점종은 2007년 7월과 11월에는 지각류인 Asplanchna sp.이었으나 그 이외의 시기에는 요각류의 유생이었다. 동물플랑크톤의 밀도는 남호에서 $80{\times}10^3{\sim}3,902{\times}10^3ind.\;L^{-1}$, 북호에서 $88{\times}10^3{\sim}2,106{\times}10^3\;ind.\;L^{-1}$로 남호에서 더 높았다. 종 다양성지수는 남호와 북호가 각각 0.53~0.147 (평균 0.83) 및 0.66~1.46 (평균 1.09)의 범위로 남 북호 모두 2008년 7월에 높았다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.879-885
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• 2009

The present study was carried out to develop biological criteria for water quality assessment using benthic diatoms. Selecting of the indicator diatoms, three parameters were considered: broad distribution (180 taxa occurred over 3% at upper level), species abundance (158 taxa occurred over $1.5{\times}10^5cells/cm^2$), and sensitivity (184 taxa occurred more than once as 1st and 2nd dominant species). Overall, total 208 taxa were selected, including 38 varieties, 170 species, 34 genera, 9 families, 3 orders, and 1 phylum. The most dominant taxonomic group (family) was Naviculaceae (52%), followed by Diatomaceae (15%), Nitzschiaceae (12%) and Achnantaceae (11%). COD and TP were proposed as new water quality standards (draft) to improve the existing BOD standard and to manage and control efficiently non-biodegradable organic pollutants. With this regard, we used TP standard (draft) in developing biological water quality criteria for diatoms. TP standards (draft) proposed as Ia = 0.02 mg/L or less, Ib = 0.05 mg/L or less, II = 0.1 mg/L or less, III = 0.2 mg/L or less, IV = 0.4 mg/L or less, V = 0.6 mg/L or less and VI = above 0.6 mg/L. Biological assessment system (4 class system) was developed and proposed for diatom using modified Tropic Diatom Index (TDI). Biological assessment of TDI appear B grade (Good).

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.90-99
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• 2014

타락은 우유에 막걸리를 접종원으로 사용하거나 또는 미리 제조된 타락을 접종원으로 이용하여 젖산발효 시킨 우리 고유의 전통발효유이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 전통 타락을 제조하고, 타락의 첨가 비율에 따른 타락푸딩의 품질특성을 알아보고자 한다. 타락의 첨가비율에 따라 제조한 타락푸딩의 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분 함량의 분석결과 수분의 함량을 제외한 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분의 함량이 타락의 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 높아지는 경향을 나타내었다(p<0.05). pH의 경우 타락의 첨가량이 많을수록 저하하였고, 산도의 경우에는 pH와 반대로 타락의 첨가가 증가할수록 유의적으로 높아졌다. 당도의 경우 대조군에 비해 TP 1, 2, 3가 더 높았고 이들 보다 TP 4는 가장 높은 당도로 유의차를 보여줬다(p<0.05). 타락푸딩의 색도 측정 결과 L 값의 경우 대조군의 측정치가 38.80이였는데, 타락 첨가량이 증가할수록 타락푸딩의 L값이 증가하였고, a 값은 감소, b 값의 경우에는 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 텍스쳐 측정 시 fracturability를 제외한 모든 항목에서 대조군에 비해 타락 첨가군이 hardness, springiness와 cohesiveness, chewiness, adhesiveness에서 시료 간 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 관능검사 결과 대조군에 비해 타락 첨가군인 TP 2, TP 3, TP 4가 맛, 향, 전반적인 기호도에서 높게 평가되었고, 이들 시료간의 통계적인 유의적 차는 없었다. 수치적 결과로 맛은 TP 4가 가장 높았고, 외형과 조직감은 TP 2가 높게 평가되었으나 풍미와 전반적인 기호도에서 TP 3가 가장 높았다. 이는 타락 특유의 신맛과 향으로 인해 푸딩 제조 시 타락 100% 첨가 TP 4보다 75% 첨가 TP 3가 바람직한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

Total phosphorus(TP) removal was examined in a surface-flow wetland constructed in April 2003 during its initial operating stage from June to November 2003. Its dimensions were 87mL by 14mW. It was a part of a four-wetland-cell treatment system constructed near the Kohung Estuarine Lake located in the southern part of Korea. Effluent from a night soil treatment plant was discharged into the wetland and purified effluent from the wetland was discharged into Sinyang Stream flowing into the Lake. Cattails(Typha angustifolia ) from natural wetlands were cut at about 40 cm height and transplanted into the wetland. An average of 25.0$m^3$/day of effluent flowed from the plant into the wetland. Water depth was maintained about 0.2m and hydraulic detention time was about 5.2 days. Average heights of the cattail stems in June and October 2003 were 47.2 and 164.6cm, respectively. The average number of stems was 10.2 stems/$m^2$ in June 2003 and 18.8 stems/$m^2$ in October 2003. Average temperature of influent and effluent ranged 23.4 and $24.2^{\circ}C$, respectively. The average TP concentrations of influent and effluent were about 1.31, 0.50mg/L, respectively. TP loading rate of influent into the wetland averaged 26.81mg/$m^2$, day and average TP loading rate of effluent was 10.04mg/$m^2$, day. Monthly average TP removal by the wetland during the warm growing season of cattails(June to September) ranged 16.28~19.57mg/$m^2$, day and during the cold senescent period (October to November) ranged 12.62~13.90mg/$m^2$, day. TP removal in the wetland continued during the cold winter months and was primarily done by sedimentation and precipitation of phosphorus rather than phosphorus absorption by cattails and microorganisms.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

In this study, the performance of new digestion system (NDS) for the treatment of food waste leachate was evaluated. The food waste leachate was fed intermittently to an anaerobic reactor at increasing steps of 3.3 L/day (hydraulic retention time [HRT] = 30 day), 5 L/day (HRT = 20 day), and finally 10 L/day (HRT = 10 day). In the anaerobic reactor, the pH and alkalinity were maintained at 7.6 to 8.2 and 8,940-14,400 mg/L, respectively. Maximum methane yield determined to be 0.686L $CH_4$/g volatile solids (VS) containing HRT over 20 day. In the digester, 102,328 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L was removed to produce 350 L/day (70% of the total) of biogas, but in the digested sludge reduction (DSR) unit, only 3,471 mg COD/L was removed with a biogas production of 158 L/day. Without adding any chemicals, 25% of total nitrogen (TN) and 31% of total phosphorus (TP) were removed after the DSR, while only 48% of TN and 32% of TP were removed in the nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals (NPHM) removal unit. Total removal of TN was 73% and total removal of TP was 63%.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.505-511
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• 2012

While the existing sewage treatment facilities are mainly being operated by biological processes, winter-time efficiency improvement and additional phosphorus treatment equipment using chemicals have been required to follow the effluent criteria of TP (0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L for the zone of I, II and III respectively) and $BOD_5$ (5.0 mg/L) which is intensified from 2012 in Republic of Korea. We made an investigation into actual condition of biological treatment process and calculated the optimal chemical input amount by jar test of supernatant of secondary sedimentation tank to evaluate the process improvement for the intensified criteria. Ejector BAF system for removing TP, $BOD_5$ of sewage effluent was suggested. The concentration of TP from biological process is 0.3-0.8 mg/L, and the input amount of optimal chemical coagulant was above Al/P ratio of 3(1.9 mg/L as Al) to meet the criteria of TP for secondary treatment effluent. From the results of this experiment, the best Al/P ratio for Ejector BAF system was about Al/P ratio of 1, and LV of BAF process for intensified criteria of $BOD_5$ and TP was below 1.97m/hr.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2015

This paper mainly focuses on the research of the monitoring data about the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) of ten monitoring points of Hongze Lake in 28 years. Our study adopts the technical methods such as difference comparison, correlation analysis, Mann-Kendall, etc. to analyze the statistical characteristics, regional differences, and temporal and spatial variation condition of ten monitoring points of Hongze Lake in 1986-2013 as well as the reason for the time and space variation of TN and TP. The results show that the TN and TP of Hongze Lake change dramatically during the period of 1994-2004. In all the monitoring periods, TN and TP of the HZ5, HZ6, HZ7, HZ8 monitoring points in the estuary surrounding the Huaihe River are the highest, which suggests that TN and TP of Hongze Lake should not be ignored for the pollution along the Huaihe River. The TN concentration in the core area is the highest, but that in the development control area is the lowest. In most of the years, TN concentration is higher than 2 mg/L, and the water quality is V class and poor V class water quality in China's Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002). TP concentration of the three areas is basically close, that is lower than 2 mg/L in most of the years, and the water quality is within the V class. The TN and TP concentration of Hongze Lake decreased and intensifying trend of eutrophication is controlled after 2004.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1991

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of theophylline(TP) and its metabolites, 1-methyluric acid (1-MU) and 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU), in rat plasma and urine. An $100\;{\mu}l$ aliquot of a plasma or urine sample was mixed with $250\;{\mu}l$ of acetonitrite and vortexed. After centrifugation, $200\;{\mu}l$ (plasma) or $20\;{\mu}l$ (urine) aliquot of the supernatant was dried by $N_2$ stream and redissolved in $100\;{\mu}l$ (plasma) or $200\;{\mu}l$ (urine) of the mobile phase. A $20\;{\mu}l$ of the mobile phase solution was injected onto a $C_{18}$ reversed-phase column. The column was maintained at $45^{\circ}C$ by the aid of electric heating jacket. The mobile phase was a 3%(v/v) methanol solution in deionized water which contains sodium acetate (100 mM) and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (4 mM). pH of the mobile phase was adjusted 4.5 by the addition of acetic acid. Detection limits for TP, 1-MU, and 1,3-DMU in plasma were 0.2, 0.1 and $0.1\;{\mu}/ml$, respectively and the corresponding values in urine were all $5\;{\mu}g/ml$. Inter- and intra-day variability of the assay for all compounds in the plasma samples was less than 5.5 and 3.8%, respectively. The retention times for 1-MU, 1,3-DMU, and TP were approximately 7, 8.5 and 18 min, respectively. Sample preparation procedure used in this method was simple, rapid and reproducible. Renal clearance of TP and its metabolites in rats showed plasma concentration dependency indicating renal tubular secretion and reabsorption of them.