• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2019

Purpose: Malnutrition may influence neurocognitive development in children by directly affecting the brain structural development, or indirectly by affecting the children's cognition experience. Malnutrition alters the cell numbers, cell migration, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission due to inadequate availability of necessary micronutrients to support cell growth. We aimed to analyze neurocognitive development in infants with malnutrition and its association with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), micronutrients levels and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings. Methods: The study included two groups; group 1, infants with malnutrition (n=24), group 2; healthy infants (n=21). Peripheral blood was obtained from the participants for studying micronutrients and LC-PUFA levels. The neurocognitive development was analyzed by the use of an Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory test. MRS were performed on all infants. Results: All parameters of neurocognitive development and serum calcium ($9.6{\pm}0.9mg/dL$ vs. $10.4{\pm}0.3mg/dL$, p<0.05) and magnesium ($2.02{\pm}0.27mg/dL$ vs. $2.2{\pm}0.14mg/dL$, p<0.05) levels were noted as being low in infants with marked malnutrition. No difference was found in LC-PUFA levels between healthy and malnourished infants. Thalamic choline/creatine levels were significantly high in infants with malnutrition ($1.33{\pm}0.22$ vs. $1.18{\pm}0.22$, p<0.05). Total neurocognitive development in infants was positively correlated with serum calcium levels (p<0.05, r=0.381). Conclusion: Calcium supplementation may improve neurocognitive development in malnourished infants.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.295-300
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• 2018

Background: Removal of the plate following Le Fort I osteotomy and BSSO (bilateral sagittal split osteotomy) is a common procedure. However, patients who undergo plate removal experience intense pain and discomfort. This study investigated the half-maximal effective concentration ($Ce_{50}$) of remifentanil in the prevention of plate removal pain under sedation using dexmedetomidine. Methods: The study evaluated 18 patients, between 18 and 35 years of age, scheduled for elective surgery. Remifentanil infusion was initiated after sedation using dexmedetomidine, and started at a dose of 1.5 ng/mL on the first patient via target-controlled infusion (TCI). Patients received a loading dose of $1.0{\mu}g/kg$ dexmedetomidine over 10 min, followed by a maintenance dose of $0.7{\mu}g/kg/h$. When the surgeon removed the plate, the patient Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) score was observed. Results: The Ce of remifentanil ranged from 0.9 to 2.1 ng/mL for the patients evaluated. The estimated effect-site concentrations of remifentanil associated with a 50% and 95% probability of reaching MOAA/S score of 3 were 1.28 and 2.51 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Plate removal of maxilla can be successfully performed without any pain or adverse effects by using the optimal remifentanil effect-site concentration ($Ce_{50}$, 1.28 ng/mL; $Ce_{95}$, 2.51 ng/mL) combined with sedation using dexmedetomidine.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 2004

This study tried to suggest the effective future marketing strategies by analysing marketing strategies of five brands which were selected by sales amount and the growth rate among young casual brands in the L-Department store from 2001 to 2002. According to analysis, brand marketing could summarize to five marketing strategies such as culture marketing, emotion marketing, co-marketing, on-line marketing, and propose marketing. Culture marketing includes 'BB family marketing, star marketing, core marketing, experience marketing. One of the emotion marketing is 'Kidult marketing' which affects cute concept. Co-marketing includes 'Charisma marketing' that cooperates with distribute industry, 'Movata marketing' which cooperates with mobile communication industry, and 'Game marketing' which cooperates with game industry. There are some other marketing strategies such as consumer calling marketing, A.S.A. marketing which is for buyers, QR marketing for quick response, Web site's differentiate marketing and Logo marketing. The suggested marketing strategies for on-coming brands are 'distinguished strategy of the online contents', 'consumer calling strategy' and 'loyalty maximizing strategy'.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.663-671
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• 1986

100 cases of open heart surgery were done in the Dept. of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Won Kwang University Hospital from July, 1984 to October, 1986. l. Among the 100 cases, there were 51 cases [51%] of acyanotic congenital heart anomalies, 10 cases [10%] of cyanotic congenital heart anomalies and 39 cases [39%] of acquired heart disease. 2. The age distribution of 100 cases was 18 months to 56 years old and mean age was 10.8 years old in congenital heart anomalies and 34.7 years old of acquired heart disease. 3. The overall mortality was 8%. and the mortality in each entity is 5.9% in congenital acyanotic cases, 10% in congenital cyanotic cases and 10.3% in acquired valvular heart disease. 4. For myocardial protection, high concentration potassium of cold blood cardioplegic solution [30mEq/L] had been used, associated with topical cooling of ice-slush.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.183-190
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• 2010

The present study attempted to identify the metacognitive strategies used by L2 writers at the university level as well as their particular aspects which might influence the use of these strategies. Twenty-seven participants, all of whom were enrolled in an English course, were asked to write an expository essay and then complete a questionnaire which includes their beliefs and attitudes toward L2 writing experience and the metacognitive strategies during the writing process. It was found that even though inexpert writers knew and employed as many strategies as the expert counterparts did, they were unsuccessful in the quality of their texts. Simply possessing a repertoire of metacognitive strategies was not enough for successful L2 writing. The failure of the inexpert writers to apply these metacognitive strategies in an effective manner was influenced by affective factors such as anxiety, self-confidence, self-concept, etc. As a result of this study, a pedagogical implication is suggested.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2002

Purpose : This study was performed to determine the safety and efficacy of recently developed specific formulas for phenylketonuria(PKU) patient by observing the growth and developmental pattern and serum phenylalanine level. Methods : We observed 14 patients diagnosed with PKU at Soon Chung Hyang University Hospital fed with formula for 1 year by checking daily diet diary and plasma aminoacids, Hb, Hct, WBC, Platelet count, ferritin, GOT, GPT, protein, albumin, globulin and urinalysis. Results : The 14 patients all liked the formula and height, weight and head circumference showed normal growth. Hemoglobin levels were in normal range, but 4 out of the 14 patients showed ferritin level lower than 12 ng/mL and needed iron supplements. Serum albumin, liver enzyme levels, urinalysis showed within normal range. The plasma phenyalanine levels were normal ranged 0.7-15.6 mg/dL. Adverse reactions such as rash, diarrhea or constipation were not observed. Conclusion : We confirmed that the specific formulas for PKU patients developed in Korea, PKU-1 and PKU-2 showed favorable results In development and treatment of PKU patients and could be used safely to children.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.366-371
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• 2023

Backgrounds/Aims: Biliary surgery in patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction with portal cavernoma (PC) is technically challenging, and associated with the risk of bleeding. Therefore, prior portal vein decompression is usually recommended before definitive biliary surgery. Only a few studies have so far reported the safety of isolated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We aimed to evaluate our experience of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with PC without prior portal decompression. Methods: Prospectively maintained data for patients with PC who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstone disease without portal decompression were analyzed. Clinical features, imaging, intraoperative factors, conversion rate, complications of surgery, and long-term outcomes were assessed. Results: Sixteen patients underwent cholecystectomy without portal decompression from 2012 to 2021, of which interventions 14 were laparoscopic cholecystectomies. One patient required conversion (7.1%) to open surgery. Jaundice was present in 5 patients (35.7%), and underwent endoscopic stone clearance before surgery. Median intraoperative blood loss, operative time, and hospital stay were 100 mL (20-400 mL), 105 min (60-220 min), and 2 days (1-7 days), respectively. Blood transfusion was required in two patients (14.2%). Prior endoscopic or percutaneous intervention was associated with significant blood loss and prolonged intraoperative time. Conclusions: In centers with experience, prior portal decompression can be avoided in patients with PC requiring isolated cholecystectomy to treat gallstones or their complications. Laparoscopic surgery is safe and feasible for these patients, and gives excellent outcomes in the selected group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.7-19
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• 2001

In our country, patients with diabetes mellitus are searching for complementary treatments to recover from illness, while they received treatments from the doctor. However, have been evaluated or investigated systematically. This study was carried out to explore application of complementary treatments for patients with DM. For this survey, questionnaires were developed by researchers and the data was collected from July to October of 1999. Among the 223 subjects, there is one general hospital, one oriental hospital, 15 area C.H.P, ahd 2 area health centers. The results were as follows: 1. The total number of cases was 223 and the average age was 62.85 years old and average duration of DM was 8.1 years. The number of patients who had experience with alternative therapies was 145 (65%). The number of those who have not undergone treatments was 78 (35%). 2. The 43.5% of experienced CAM were advised family and relatives. Only 30.3% approved the effect of CAM and 52.5% said that If another a new CAM is introduced, they will try it. 4. Ninety three kinds of complementary treatments were used. Among the used items, 63.7% was various types of plants, 21.6% was animal material and 14.7% was the mixed group. As a single item, Bombyx Mori (Silkworm) was the most frequently used (10.5%) followed by the bean, mushroom, Morus bombycis (mulberry), Ginseng, Commelina Communis (Dalgaebi), Chinese medicine, root of Rosa rugosa (Haedangwha). 5. Among the used items, Trichosanthes kirilowii Max. Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, Commelina Communis, Aralia elata, pine needle, mulberry fruit, root of Rosa rugosa. Ginseng, Lycii Fructus, Dioscorea radix, Polygonatum odoratum, Cassia tora L, Bombyx Mori, loach, Crucian carp were based upon the pharmacological function of effect for control of diabetes mellitus symptom. 6. In the analysis of the relationships between the general characters of the patients with new complementary alternative medicine try and hospital treatment; 1) The shorter group suffered from DM (p=.038), poor Self-MBG (p=.037) and wanted to try new complementary alternative medicine. 2) The group of DM education experience were carried out hospital treatment well (p=.045). In conclusion, further study will be required for the patients experience using alternative therapies as the D-M in terms of holistic view of patients.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2017

The current study investigated whether Korean learners' English-learning environments, especially target English accent (General American English (GAE) vs. Southern British English (SBE)) and English-language experience affected their production of English vowels. Thirty six EFL learners, 27 ESL-US learners, and 33 ESL-UK learners produced 8 English vowels with a bVt frame (beat, bit, bet, bat, bought, bot, boat, boot). The learners' productions were acoustically analyzed in terms of F1 and F2 frequencies. The overall results revealed that the learners' target accent had an effect on their production of some English vowels. The EFL and ESL-US learners' (especially, female learners') production of bought, bot, boat, and boot, which show characteristic differences between the GAE and SBE accents, was closer to that of the native American English (AE) speakers than the native British English (BE) speakers. In contrast, the ESL-UK learners' production of bought and bot demonstrated the opposite pattern. Thus, the impact of target accent was not demonstrated across the board. The effect of the learners' different English-language experience was also rather limited. This was because the EFL learners' production was not much different from the ESL-US learners' production, in spite of the ESL-US learners' residence in the US for more than 9 years. Furthermore, the Korean learners, irrespective of their different English-language experience, tended to produce bit and bat with lower F1 than the native AE and BE speakers, thus resulting in bit and bat to be produced similarly to beat and bet, respectively. This demonstrates the learners' persistent L1 effects on their English vowel production despite the learners' residence in the English speaking countries or their high English proficiency.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.666-671
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• 1984

During a fire-year period from March 1979 to February 1984, 559 patients underwent surgical treatment for rheumatic mitral valve disease at Seoul National University Hospital. Left atrial thrombus was found at surgery in 74 of these patients, an incidence of 13.2%. This report outlines the surgical experience with these seventy-four patients. They were 32 men and 42 women, and their age ranged between 23 and 57 with mean of 42 years old. All except one had the findings of atrial fibrillation on the preoperative electrocardiogram. Ten [13.5%] had experienced embolic events before surgery. A history of one or more episodes of cardiac failure requiring digitalis and diuretics was noted in all patients Nineteen were associated with the aortic and/or tricuspid valve disease and closed mitral commissurotomy had been performed previously in four patients. The average cardiac index was 2.68L/min/M2 [1.59 to 3.47 L/min/M2] The mean systolic pulmonary artery pressure was 57mmHg [26 to 120 mmHg]and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 21.5 mmHg [12 to 40 mmHg]. There were no significant hemodynamic findings to suggest the presence of the left atrial thrombus. Operative mortality was acceptable with two early deaths [2.7%]. The follow-up of the hospital survivors has shown excellent functional status.