• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2008

Structural studies have been performed on precipitation hardening and microstructural variations found in Ti-Al-Cr ternary $L1_0$- and $L1_2$-phase alloys using transmission electron microscopy. Both the $L1_0$ and $L1_2$ phase alloys harden by aging at 973 K after solution annealing at higher temperatures. The amount of age hardening of the $L1_2$ phase alloy is larger than that of the $L1_0$ phase alloy. The phase separation between $L1_0$ and $L1_2$ phase have not been observed by aging at 973 K. But $Al_2Ti$ was formed in each matrix alloy during aging. The crystal structure of the $Al_2Ti$ phase is a $Ga_2Zr$ type in the $L1_0$ and a $Ga_2Hf$ type in the $L1_2$ phase, respectively. At the beginning of aging the fine coherent cuboidal $Al_2Ti$-phase are formed in the $L1_0$ phase. By further aging, two variants of $Al_2Ti$ precipitates grow along the two {110} habit planes. On the other hand, in the $L1_2$ phase, the $Al_2Ti$ phase forms on the {100} planes of the $L1_2$ matrix lattice. After prolonged aging the precipitates are rearranged along a preferential direction of the matrix lattice and form a domain consisting of only one variant. It is suggested that the precipitation of $Al_2Ti$ in each matrix alloy occurs to form a morphology which efficiently relaxes the elastic strain between precipitate and matrix lattices.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2011

Real-time formation of $L1_0$ phase of FePt nanoparticles in the gas phase during ultrasonic-spray pyrolysis is first discussed in the present study. Without any post heat treatment, $L1_0$ phase of FePt nanoparticles appeared at the temperature above $900^{\circ}C$ in the gas phase synthesis. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed that FePt nanoparticles less than 10 nm in size contained small volume of $L1_0$ fct phase. However, in other samples obtained at the temperature below $900^{\circ}C$, iron oxide phase co-existed and no evidence of phase transformation was found. Thus, it is anticipated that the time of flight of particles required for crystallization and phase transformation was extended according to the increase of the collision rate. Finally, magnetic properties represented by coercivity and saturation magnetization and functional groups on the particle surface were discussed based on VSM and FT-IR results.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.28-31
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• 2012

We report the solid-liquid phase equilibria on the $GdBa_2Cu_3O_{7-{\delta}}$ (GdBCO) stability phase diagram in low oxygen pressures ($PO_2$) ranging from 1 to 100 mTorr. On the basis of the GdBCO stability phase diagram experimentally determined in low oxygen pressures, the isothermal sections of three different phase fields on log $PO_2$ vs. 1/T diagram were schematically constructed within the $Gd_2O_3-Ba_2CuO_y-Cu_2O$ ternary system, and the solid-liquid phase equilibria in each phase field were described. The invariant points on the phase boundaries include the following three reactions; a pseudobinary peritectic reaction of $GdBCO{\leftrightarrow}Gd_2O_3$ + liquid ($L_1$), a ternary peritectic reaction of $GdBCO{\leftrightarrow}Gd_2O_3+GdBa_6Cu_3O_y$ + liquid ($L_2$), and a monotectic reaction of $L_1{\leftrightarrow}GdBa_6Cu_3O_y+L_2$. A conspicuous feature of the solid-liquid phase equilibria in low $PO_2$ regime (1 - 100 mTorr) is that the GdBCO phase is decomposed into $Gd_2O_3+L_1$ or $Gd_2O_3+GdBa_6Cu_3O_y+L_2$ rather than $Gd_2BaCuO_5+L$ well-known in high $PO_2$ like air.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.44-58
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• 2002

A new polymorph of tridymite, an incommensurately modulated phase (IC phase), has been identified. While the symmetry of the IC lattice is same as that of the Ll phase, the geometry of the IC lattice structure is same as the basis of the L3 structure with a different modulation (modulation vector q=0.22 $c*_{H}$;$\lambda$ 37 ). On the other hand, the characteristic curved diffuse diffration observed from the Ll atoms could occur even at room phase suggests that the dynamic disordering of atoms, especially oxygen atoms could occur even at room temperature. The phase transition of Ll to L3 by grinding is gradual but very conspicuous: LllongrightarrowL1+IClongrightarrowIC+L3longrightarrowL3. However, it is revealed that real transition processes of individual grains are directly related to the local stress fields and preexisting microstructures.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 1992

The synthesis of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester(ZAPM), a precursor of aspartame, from N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartic acid(Z-Asp) and L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride(L-PM-HCl) was investigated in ethylacetate-MES buffer two-phase system using thermolysin. In organic two-phase system, the degree of spontaneous hydrolysis of L-PM. HCl was significantly reduced with increasing the volume ratio of organic to aqueous phase. Stability of thermolysin in organic two-phase system was found to be higher than that in MES buffer solution. More than 90% of initial enzyme activity was maintained after 10 days of incubation in case that the volume of organic phase was equal to that of buffer phase, while the half life of thermolysin was about 2 days in aqueous buffer solution. The results of partitioning of substrates and product in organic two-phase system showed that the difference in partition coefficients between substrates and product was maximum at pH 5.5. The optimal pH for 2-APM synthesis in organic two-phase system was found to be 5.5-5.8, which is consistent with the value expected from the partition experiments. As the concentration of substrates was increased the conversion yield of Z-APM was increased with concomitant reduction of L-PMqHC1 hydrolysis. In case that the concentration of L-PM-HCl and Z-Asp were 160 mM and 80 mM respectively, the conversion yield of Z-APM reached 90% after 28 hrs of reaction. The yield obtained at different volume ratio of organic phase compares well with the predicted equilibrium constant in biphasic system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.17-24
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• 2009

According to the GPS modernization, L5 is the third civilian GPS signal, broadcasts in a radio band reserved exclusively for aviation safety services. However, as the code length of GPS L5 is ten times longer than that of GPS L1, the acquisition processing time in GPS L5 takes longer than that of L1. This characteristics make the code phase detected initially change and cause the tracking loop to unlock. In order to overcome this problem, this paper proposes L5 acquisition schemes for the rapid code phase re-search and the fine doppler determination. The feasibility of the proposed scheme is demonstrated through the simulation results.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.3-15
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• 2001

The bilayer forming ability of pseudo-ceramide PC104 in octanoic acid/water/n-octyl $\beta$-D-glucoside mixtures was investigated through the phase diagram. Because of its low solubility in water and of its crystallization, pseudoceramide PC104 was dissolved in octanoic acid, which is nontoxic additive for foods and cosmetics. The mixtures formed four different phases (L1, L2, LC and two phases). Depending on the concentration of PC104 in octanoic acid, the region of each phase was extended or contracted. On the contrary to the region of L2, regions of lamellar phase and L1 phase were expanded. The bilayer-forming ability of PC104 was explained on the basis of concentration of PC104 at interface and interaction between PC104 and octanoic acid. From FT-IR results, it was found that the interactions of PC104’s polar head group with octanoic acid increased as the amount of PC104 in octanoic acid increased. Also emulsion size and size distribution have been studied depending upon the emulsification path. droplets of emulsion prepared from lamellar phase were smaller and more homogeneous compared to those of emulsions formed from L2 phase.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.48-50
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• 2001

This paper presents the switching angle and the 1/2-phase hybrid exciting method to minimize torque ripple in the 6/4 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM). The inductance in SRM is dependent on rotor position and current. Therefore, the inductance profile is expressed as an approximate function based on FEM data. And then, the dynamic characteristics are simulated by Matlab simulink using the derived inductance function. The torque ripple resulting from single phase exciting and 1/2-phase hybrid exciting is compared.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1986

Separation of optical isomers of some derivatives of amino acids by reversed-phase HPLC has been accomplished by adding a chelate of an optically active amino acid to copper(Ⅱ) to the mobile phase. Cu(Ⅱ) complexes of L-proline and L-hydroxyproline in the mobile phase showed different degrees of separation. Optical isomers of DNS derivatives of amino acids are selectively separated, but those of several other derivatives are not at all. The kinds of buffer agents, the pH, and the concentrations of acetonitrile and the Cu(Ⅱ) ligand all affect the separations. The elution behavior between D and L DNS-amino acids appears to depend on the alkyl side chain of the amino acids. A chromatographic mechanism is proposed that is based on a stereospecificity of the formation of ternary complexes by the D, L-DNS-amino acids and the chiral additive associated with the stationary phase. The steric effects of the ligand exchange reactions are related with the feasibility of cis and/or trans attack of the amino acids to the binary chiral chelate retained on the stationary phase.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.185-192
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• 1990

A two-phase UASB system was operated for high-rate treatment of concentrated distillery wastewater. The phase separation was obtained by adjusting pH in each reactor. When influent SS concentration was 4.1/g/l, the first phase UASB reactor was effectively operated up to the loading rate of 16.5kg $COD/m^3.day$, producing 3.9g HAc/l.day. In the methanogenic UASB reactor, loading rate up to 44kg $COD/m^3.day$ could be applied while removing 80% of influent COD with a specific gas production of 16.5 l/l. day. After the formation granular sludge in both reactors, it was possible to maintain the appropriate pH in the first phase only by recirculating the effluent from methanogenic phase without the addition of alkaline chemicals.