• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.308-316
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the situation of ICT apply to plastic greenhouse, and the results be apply to design of new one. A CFD analysis were conducted to monitering the ventilation and energy saving of the single span greenhouse newly designed. The causes of delay to apply ICT to plastic greenhouse are the high cost for installation(24%), insufficiency of after services(19%), often disorder(16%), unskillful management of soft ware(15%), insufficient ICT efficiency(13%) and unsatisfying of income increase(12%). The parts of problem occurred in ICT plastic greenhouse are the structure, actuator, environmental control system and sensor(approximate 14%, respectively), remote control technique(13%), plant management technique(12%), energy saving technique(10%) and utilization of software(8%). In the condition of lateral window closed, the average wind speed changed to slow, but it was faster in the condition of leeward side window opened than in the condition of lee and winward side window opened. The air movement in the condition of lateral window closed occur by air moving fan not by out air. It is not affect the room temperature but effective the uniformity of room temperature. The average temperature of low height greenhouse was uniform than high height one. The average temperature in condition of 3rd curtain opened become same with outside temperature after 2 hours, but take more 5 hours in condition of 3rd curtain closed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.251-256
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• 2010

Objective of this research was to investigate the influence of $NH_4^+$ and $NO_3^-$ ratios in liquid feeding on the growth of snapdragon 'Potomac Red' and changes in medium chemical properties. The seeds were sown into 200 plug trays and fertigated once a week with nutrient solution containing various ratios of $NH_4^+$ and $NO_3^-$ such as 0 : 100, 27 : 73, 50 : 50, 73 : 27, and 100 : 0. The total N concentrations were adjusted to 50, 100 and $150\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in plug stages of 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Determination of seedling growth and analysis of plant tissue and root medum were conducted at 56 days after sowing. The treatment of 27 : 73 ($NH_4^+:NO_3^-$) had the greatest plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight. The N and P contents in 27 : 73 ($NH_4^+:NO_3^-$) treatment based on the above ground plant tissues were 2.39 and 0.39%, respectively, which were the greatest among treatments. The elevation of $NH_4^+$ ratio in fertigation solution decreased tissue Ca and Mg contents, but that did not influence tissue K content. The variations in $NH_4^+:NO_3^-$ ratios impacted the soil solution pH and the difference among treatments had been severe since three weeks after sowing. Elevation of $NH_4^+$ ratios in fertigation solution increased electrical conductivity and concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg in soil solution of root medum. The $NH_4^+$ and $NO_3^-$ concentrations in the soil solution were high in weeks 2, 3, and 4, then decreased gradually as the biomass of seedlings increased. Medium P concentration decreased gradually as seedlings grew, but statistical differences were not observed among treatments.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.22-26
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• 1978

It is shown that a map having an extension to an open map between the Alex-androff base compactifications of its domain and range has a unique such extension. J.S. Wasileski has introduced the Alexandroff base compactifications of Hausdorff spaces endowed with Alexandroff bases. We introduce a definition of morphism between such spaces to obtain a category which we denote by ABC. We prove that the Alexandroff base compactification on objects can be extended to a functor on ABC and that the compact objects give an epireflective subcategory of ABC. For each topological space X there exists a completely regular space $\alpha$X and a surjective continuous function $\alpha$$_{x}$ : Xlongrightarrow$\alpha$X such that for each completely regular space Z and g$\in$C (X, Z) there exists a unique g$\in$C($\alpha$X, 2) with g=g$^{\circ}$$\beta$$_{x}$. Such a pair ($\alpha$$_{x}$, $\alpha$X) is called a completely regularization of X. Let TOP be the category of topological spaces and continuous functions and let CREG be the category of completely regular spaces and continuous functions. The functor $\alpha$ : TOPlongrightarrowCREG is a completely regular reflection functor. For each topological space X there exists a compact Hausdorff space $\beta$X and a dense continuous function $\beta$x : Xlongrightarrow$\beta$X such that for each compact Hausdorff space K and g$\in$C (X, K) there exists a uniqueg$\in$C($\beta$X, K) with g=g$^{\circ}$$\beta$$_{x}$. Such a pair ($\beta$$_{x}$, $\beta$X) is called a Stone-Cech compactification of X. Let COMPT$_2$ be the category of compact Hausdorff spaces and continuous functions. The functor $\beta$ : TOPlongrightarrowCOMPT$_2$ is a compact reflection functor. For each topological space X there exists a realcompact space (equation omitted) and a dense continuous function (equation omitted) such that for each realcompact space Z and g$\in$C(X, 2) there exists a unique g$\in$C (equation omitted) with g=g$^{\circ}$(equation omitted). Such a pair (equation omitted) is called a Hewitt's realcompactification of X. Let RCOM be the category of realcompact spaces and continuous functions. The functor (equation omitted) : TOPlongrightarrowRCOM is a realcompact refection functor. In [2], D. Harris established the existence of a category of spaces and maps on which the Wallman compactification is an epirefiective functor. H. L. Bentley and S. A. Naimpally [1] generalized the result of Harris concerning the functorial properties of the Wallman compactification of a T$_1$-space. J. S. Wasileski [5] constructed a new compactification called Alexandroff base compactification. In order to fix our notations and for the sake of convenience. we begin with recalling reflection and Alexandroff base compactification.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 2010

Purpose: Current studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of dizocilpine (MK-801) in many animal models of brain injury, including hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephlopathy, trauma and excitotoxicity, but limited data are available for those during the neonatal periods. Here we investigated whether dizocilpine can protect the developing rat brain from HI injury via anti-apoptosis. Methods: In an in vitro model, embryonic cortical neuronal cell culture of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 18-day gestation was done. The cultured cells were divided into three groups: normoxia (N), hypoxia (H), and hypoxia treated with dizocilpine (HD). The N group was prepared in 5% $CO_2$ incubators and the other groups were placed in 1% $O_2$ incubators (94% N2, 5% $CO_2$) for 16 hours. In an in vivo model, left carotid artery ligation was done in 7-day-old SD rat pups. The animals were divided into six groups; hypoxia (N), hypoxia (H), hypoxia with sham-operation (HS), hypoxia with operation (HO), HO treated with vehicle (HV), and HO treated with dizocilpine (HD). Hypoxia was made by exposure to a 2 hour period of hypoxic incubator (92% N2, 8% $O_2$). Results: In the in vitvo and in vivo models, the expressions of Bcl-2 in the hypoxia groups were reduced compared to the normoxia group. whereas those in the dizocilpine-treated group were increased compared to the hypoxia group. However. the expressions of Bax and caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were revealed reversely. Conclusion: Dizocilpine has neuroprotective property over perinatal HI brain injury via anti-apoptosis.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2010

Purpose: Feeding desaturation is a common problem among preterm infants which can result in prolonged hospital stays, longterm feeding difficulties and growth delay. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of premature infants with feeding desaturation and to examine the effect of orocutaneous stimulation on oral feeding. Methods: During the first phase of this study, 125 extremely low birth weight infants were reviewed retrospectively. Characteristics between infants with feeding desaturation (n=34) and those without feeding desaturation (n=91) were examined. During the second phase, 29 infants recruited from March, 2009 to May, 2010 were subjected to orocutaneous stimulation. The results of orocutaneous stimulation were compared to a control group (n=81). Results: The first phase of the study revealed that extremely low birth weight infants with feeding desaturation were significantly lower in gestational ages at birth, and had lower 5 minute apgar scores, more gastroesophageal refluxes and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Infants without feeding desaturation reached full enteral feeding significantly earlier and showed shorter duration of hospital stay. At the second phase, infants in the intervention group showed shorter days to achieve initiation of bottle feeding, shorter days in achievement of full bottle feeding, last episodes of feeding desaturation and length of hospital stay compared to the control group of similar characteristics. Conclusion: Orocutaneous stimulation among extremely low birth weight infants results in earlier achievement of full bottle feedings without episodes of feeding desaturation hence shortens the length of hospital stay.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.11
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• pp.51-54
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• 1970

External features of silkworms are not evident during stage of larvae and pupae like in the stage of imagines. In general, therefore, sexing of larvae has been depended on Herold's gland of males or Ishiwata' sexual spots (Anterior sexual spots and posterior sexual spots) of a female 2-3 days after of the 5th age since it is relatively easy to classify in this period. Sometimes. however, we made mistake of sexing since a pair of small spot around the abdomen of 9th abdominal of males and posterior sexual spot of females was found at the same position. This study has been conducted in order to obtain essential points of classifing the above it will be summarized as follows: A. Existence of the males small spots on 9th abdominal segment were varied by races. Through observation races by races the more larvae which had the small spots were found in chinese races than the Japanese, and 57 percent of the Chinese orgin larvae of the small spot were picked among total counted males. B. The small spots were more or less roundly shaped just as posterior sexual spots of females, and these spots were colored slightly even the colors were somewhat different by races. Milky color was seen in the case of the posterior sexual spots. The small spots were observed smaller than the posterior sexual spots. It is difficult classify the sexual spots during stage of mature larvae, but it was easily classified small spots by the naked eye even in the same stage. The small spots were found at the same site of the posterior sexual spots. C. After sexing by based on the small spots and Herold's gland, the sexing through purpae bodies were carried out again to confirm its correctness. Average 5. 2 percent of more opposite sex were found in the latter. This figures supposed to be caused the location of the small spots coincide with the posterior sexual spots. D. The moths, no disorder were found in daily activities and their generative functions depend on the existence of the small spot and thickness of its color. E. It is presumed that existence of the small spots were caused by races, heredity nature, voltinism, moulting, and etc.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.296-301
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• 2011

This study was to evaluate the growth potential of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce leaf extracts and on lettuce leaf surface at various temperatures. The pathogen can survive and multiply in the extracts and leaf surface of lettuce. The population of E. coli O157:H7 in the lettuce extracts reached to 4.79 log CFU/mL at $37^{\circ}C$. The multiplication of pathogen in lettuce extracts initiated within 10 hours of inoculation over $15^{\circ}C$ conditions. And it can survive in the lettuce leaf extracts at $4^{\circ}C$ for 100 hours at least. And this pathogen can multiply on lettuce leaf surface and the population of pathogen on the lettuce leaf surface increased to 1.82 log CFU/g at $25^{\circ}C$. At $37^{\circ}C$, the pathogen density increased to 1.53 CFU/g within 3 days after inoculation. At all temperature, irrespective of the inoculation level, similar trends in growth of E. coli O157:H7 were observed. These results emphasize the growth potential of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce leaf extract and on lettuce leaf surface. To reduce the risk of outbreak, it is important to maintain the cold chain system during storage before the consumption.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.87-111
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate practical problem-based Home Economics lesson plans applying to the multiple intelligence teaching learning strategy, focused on the unit 'Nutrition & Meals' of middle school Home Economics subject matter. To achieve this purpose, the lesson plans were developed and evaluated from the 72 middle school students in Chongju after implementing the instruction. The data from the questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 12.0 and content analysis. The results were as follows: First, the objectives of practical problem-based 'Nutrition & Meals' Instruction using multiple intelligence teaching strategy were to understand the importance of nutrition and health in an adolescent period and to develop good eating habits. The Practical Problem was 'What should I do for good eating habits?' and the learning contents were healthy life, the kinds and functions of nutriments, food pyramid and a food guide. The learning activities were progressed by various types of teaching and learning methods including 8 types of multiple intelligence teaching strategy. The lesson plans were developed according to the process of practical problem solving model. 6 periods of lesson plans and worksheets were developed. Second, the practical problem-based instruction using multiple intelligence teaching-learning strategy were evaluated to increase students' positive learning attitudes, motivation, and good eating habits.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.129-133
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• 2017

Oyster mushroom is a type of mushroom that is commonly cultivated and consumed in Korea. P. ostreatus 'Suhan' is a preferred cultivar for many mushroom farmers because it has a dark pileus and thick stipe. However, as it is very sensitive to environmental conditions, farmers consistently demand an alternative cultivar. To develop a new cultivar, the parental strains KMCC01680 ('Suhan') and KMCC00478 ('Gosol') were selected from various collected P. ostreatus strains by cultivating genetic resources. P. ostreatus 'Heuksol' was developed by the method of Mon-Mon crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from 'Suhan' and 'Gosol'. Thirty strains of 174 crossed strains were initially selected by cultivation experiments. After bulk cultivation tests, 'Heuksol' was selected. The nuclear DNA profile of 'Heuksol' was similar to those of the parental strains, 'Suhan' and 'Gosol', when RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers and UPF (Universal PCR Fingerprinting) 2, 3, and 4 were used. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $30^{\circ}C$ for 'Heuksol', but medium-high temperatures were also appropriate, especially $13-20^{\circ}C$. The fruiting body production per bottle (1,100 mL) was approximately 140.8 g. When compared to the control strain 'Suhan', the thickness of the stipe of 'Heuksol' was greater than that of 'Suhan' (13.5 mm vs 9.4 mm). The pileus diameter of 'Heuksol' was similar to that of 'Suhan' and the pileus thickness of 'Heuksol' and 'Suhan' was 19.7 mm and 21.8 mm, respectively. 'Heuksol' had more a productive stipe number than 'Suhan' and the pileus of 'Heuksol' was dark gray, even at high temperatures. Therefore, it was suggested that this new cultivar, 'Heuksol', could provide an alternative to 'Suhan' and contribute to the profit of oyster mushroom farms.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.284-291
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• 2007

Purpose : Theophylline has recently been reported to have concurrent anti-inflammatory effects at low therapeutic plasma concentrations which are below the doses at which significants, clinically useful bronchodilatation is evident. Sustained-release formulation in capsule and dry syrup forms were developed to reduce its adverse effects and improve its clinical effects. We compared the therapeutic effects of theophylline dry syrup and capsules in children with mild asthma. Methods : Ninety children with mild asthma were randomized to receive either theophylline dry syrup (n=44) or theophylline capsules (n=46); 4 mg per kilogram of body weight, twice a day, for 12 weeks. Baseline and serial measurements of daytime and nighttime asthma symptom score were performed. Compliance scores, drug swallowing scores, and drug usability scores were measured every 4 weeks. Each scoring was rated on a scale of 0-4. Serum theophylline concentration were measured at 4 and at 12 weeks. To examine the anti-inflammatory effect of theophylline on asthma, Serum eosinophilic cationic protein as a marker of airway inflammation caused by eosinophil was measured 12 weeks pre- and post-administration. Results : The daytime and nighttime asthma symptom scores of the two groups after 4 weeks significantly improved over the baseline score. Daytime and nighttime asthma symptom scores in the dry syrup group were statistically lower at all time points except for the nighttime symptom scores at 4 weeks. Compliance scores, drug swallowing scores, and drug usability scores in the dry syrup group were significantly higher at the end time point. Only in the dry syrup group was the serum ECP at the end time point statistically lower than baseline. Conclusion : Low-dose sustained-release theophylline may be safe and effective in bronchial asthma and this effect may be mediated by its anti-inflammatory action mechanisms. Especially, when used in children with asthma, dry syrup formulation is recommended because of its higher compliance than capsule formulation.