• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.864-871
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• 2010

White and black garlic pastes were fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides and evaluated for its rheological and functional properties such as consistency, antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity. The pH, acidity and solid content of black garlic paste were 4.60, 1.23%, 22.63%, respectively. The viable cell counts and consistency of fermented garlic was decreased by adding higher amounts of black garlic paste. Fermentation of white garlic (40%)/black garlic (10%) showed viable cell counts of $1.6\times10^{11}$, fluid consistency of 9.31 $Pa{\cdot}s^n$. Water and 70% ethanol extract from fermented garlic showed the polyphenol content of 6.29mg/mL and 5.99 mg/mL, respectively. Also, water extract indicated the DPPH radical scavenging effects and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity with $IC_{50}$ 1.03 mg/mL and $IC_{50}$ 68.54 mg/mL, respectively. ACE inhibitory activity was increased with adding black garlic paste. Conversion of sucrose into dextran polymer in fermented garlic was drastically decreased by the addition of black garlic paste, indicating from 85% (0% black garlic) to 20% (20% black garlic) conversion yield. Garlic paste fermented with 10% black/40% white garlic showed the decrease in consistency and viable cell counts during both cold and freezing storages. In particular, consistency of fermented garlic was lower during freezing storage than cold storage, and the viable cell counts was drastically decreased after storage for 2 weeks.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.257-262
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• 2010

Patulin, a secondary metabolite of mold, is commonly found in rotten apples. Many countries regulate patulin at levels ranging from 30 to $50\;{\mu}g/L$. Most analytical methods for removing patulin from apple juice include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), which is time and labor intensive. To replace the LLE method, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method has been developed for apple juice and unfiltered apple juice. A portion of the test sample was applied to a macroporous copolymer cartridge and washed with 5 mL of 1% sodium bicarbonate, followed by 5 mL of 1% acetic acid. Patulin was eluted with 5 mL of 2% acetonitrile in anhydrous ethyl ether. The mobile phase was tetrahydrofuran in water (0.8:99.2) and was detected with a UV detector at 276 nm. Recoveries ranged from 95 to 101% in test samples, and the minimum detectable level was 30 ppb. Because this SPE method is fast, easy, reliable, and inexpensive, it could be applicable for companies or analytical agencies to analyze patulin concentrations in apple juice.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2010

Morinda citrifolia adventitious roots were cultured in shake flasks using Murashige and Skoog medium with different types and concentrations of auxin and cytokinin. Root (fresh weight and dry weight) accumulation was enhanced at 5 $mg\;l^{-1}$ indole butyric acid (IBA) and at 7 and 9 $mg\;l^{-1}$ naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). On the other hand, 9 $mg\;l^{-1}$ NAA decreased the anthraquinone, phenolic and flavonoid contents more severely than 9 $mg\;l^{-1}$ IBA. When adventitious roots were treated with kinetin (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 $mg\;l^{-1}$) and thidiazuron (TDZ; 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 $mg\;l^{-1}$) in combination with 5 $mg\;l^{-1}$ IBA, fresh weight and dry weight decreased but secondary metabolite content increased. The secondary metabolite content (including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl activity) increased more in TDZ-treated than in kinetin-treated roots. Antioxidative enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), which play important roles in plant defense, also increased. A strong decrease in ascorbate peroxidase activity resulted in a high accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. This indicates that adventitious roots can grow under stress conditions with induced CAT and G-POD activities and higher accumulations of secondary metabolites. These results suggest that 5 $mg\;l^{-1}$ IBA supplementation is useful for growth and secondary metabolite production in adventitious roots of M. citrifolia.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Myrrh 80% ethanol extract on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cell.Methods : Myrrh was prepared by extracting with 80% ethanol. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay using 3T3-L1 cells. Anti-obesity activity was measured in lipid droplets and triglyceride (TG) accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. We also analyzed the expression of C/EBPβ, C/EBPα, PPARγ, SREBP1c, and aP2 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, we observed the production of fatty acid, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and Oil-red O stainingResults : No cytotoxicity from Myrrh 80% ethanol extracts was observed at the concentration of 1, 10, 100 (㎍/㎖) in 3T3-L1 cells. Treatment with Myrrh significantly suppressed the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by a decrease in triglyceride and Fatty acid and Acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Also, Myrrh exhibited potential adipogenesis inhibition and downregulated the expression of pro-adipogenic transcription factors, such as sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α (C/EBPα) and C/EBPβ, and adipocyte expressed genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2) and Fas. In addition, lipid accumulation determined by Oil-red O staining showed that Myrrh extract had inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells.Conclusions : These results suggest that Myrrh suppresses obesity factors in 3T3-L1 cells. Myrrh may be a useful medical herbs for attenuating metabolic diseases such as obesity.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2021

This study has evaluated the stabilization of As contaminated paddy and cultivated soils by pot experiments for rice and lettuce. Various ratios of limestone (L) and steel slag (S) were mixed with the soils in each pot. The soils were taken from before and after pot experiments, and analyzed for As extracted by sequentially (Wenzel method) and totally (aqua regia method).. Paddy soils amended with L (0.5%) and L (1.0%) + S (1.0%) showed increasing fraction 2 (specifically bound As) compared with control soil. Arsenic concentrations in rice grain grown on the amended soils decreased 14% and 12% compared with those on the control soil, respectively. According to sequential extraction of As in cultivated soils, the fractions 1~3 were decreased due to stabilization of As by the soil amendment, especially for S (1.0%), S (3.0%) and L (1.0%) + S (1.0%). In addition, relatively low As concentrations were found in lettuce grown on amended soils with L (0.5%) and L (1.0%) + S (1.0%). Therefore, it can be suggested that soil amendments with L (0.5%) or L (1.0%) + S (1.0%) were suitable for enhancing stabilization of As in the study area.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5B
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• pp.449-458
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• 2008

This study is investigating experimentally the effect of upstream Froude number, weir height, weir length, and main channel width on the discharge coefficient of rectangular sharp crested side-weirs under subcritical flow conditions in a relatively wide rectangular open channel based on the De Marchi discharge coefficient $C_M$. The effects of four main influential parameters found by dimensional analysis, $Fr_1$, $h/y_1$, L/B, and $L/y_1$ are examined by the flume tests. New estimated equations for the discharge coefficients of sharp-crested side-weir are suggested based on the experimental results. The effect of $Fr_1$ for the discharge coefficient of sharp crested side weir is decreased in wide open channel and the relative importance of other influential parameters like $h/y_1$, L/B, and $L/y_1$ are increased. Also, the experimental results are compared with the results of other studies to extend the applicability of pre-suggested formulas for sharp-crested side-weir discharge coefficient.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.217-224
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• 2005

When L. monocytogenes ($10^{5}CFU/mL$) at exponential phase cells were heated for 5 min at $65^{\circ}C$ in the presence of the bacteriocin (30 BU/mL) produced by E. faecium MJ-14, the number of viable cells was markedly reduced at p < 0.05. The bactericidal effect of bacteriocin showed synergism with combination ot organic acids (citric acid or acetic acid) or chemical preservatives (sodium benzoate, sodium lactate, sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate). For example, the number of viable cells was reduced by 4.8 log units under combination of the bacteriocin (30 BU/mL) and sodium nitrate ($100{\mu}g/mL$), while it was reduced by 1.1 log unit only under single treatment of the bacteriocin after 12 k at $37^{\circ}C$. The addition of the bacteriocin (300 BU/mL) into skim milk inoculated with L. monocytogenes ($10^{5}$CFU/mL) reduced the cells by 1.5 log unit, in case of the cell suspension stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr. Moreover, L. monocytogenes was reduced by 2 log unit when stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 7 days in gound pork added with 300 BU/mL of 린e bacteriocin.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.239-241
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• 1998

The experiments were carried out to improve culture efficiency of rhizome and mericlone propagation through settlement of problems occurring during culture period of temperate Cymbidium species. Shooting efficiency from rhizome of C. forrestii 'Nokwoon' was improved, when cultured in $H_3P_4$ medium (Hyponex 3+peptone 4g/L) supplemented with 170mg/L $NaH_2PO_4{\cdot}H_2O$ and 0.4mg/L Thiamin e HCl, but the other varieties were not influenced to shooting efficiency by additives. Medium in which rhizome of C. nishiuchianum 'Hodukjiwha' was cultured became less browned in $H_3P_4$ medium added with 150mg/L PVP, but the other treatments of antioxidants was failed to prevent the medium browning. Re-formation of rhizome from young shoots of C. forrestii 'Sojub', 5.5cm in length occured in $H_3P_4$ enriched with 2.0 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA under darkness, but axillary buds were elongated in the medium with 1.0 mg/L NAA and 3.0 mg/L BA under light condition. On the other hand, rhizomes from young shoot of C. forrestii 'Seosinmae' and 'Songmae', 5.5cm and 2.5cm in length respectively were reformed in 2.0 mg/L NAA and 5.0mg/L kinetin under darkness, but multishoot from young shoot were emerged in 2.0mg/L NAA and 3.0mg/L BA.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.209-218
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• 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effects of Cudrania tricuspidata leaf extract in the order of leaf development on the shoot (L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5). The leaves at the apex of a Cudrania tricuspidata shoot were classified as L0; the next leaves of the apex were classified as L1, L2, L3, and L4 from highest to lowest; and the lowest leaf was classified as L5. A series of 70% ethyl alcohol leaf extracts were screened for the inhibitory effects of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. We found that the apical leaf extract of Cudrania tricuspidata (CTL0) was the most effective. Next, a study was conducted on the inhibitory action mechanism of CTL0. Treatment with CTL0 significantly suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by the decrease in lipid droplet content observed with Oil Red O staining. Treatment with 12.5 ㎍/ml, 25 ㎍/ml, and 50 ㎍/ml of CTL0 significantly reduced the lipid droplet content. Glucose and cellular triglyceride concentrations were reduced in the 3T3-L1 cells on the CTL0-treated medium compared to the differentiation medium (DM control, DMEM + insulin + dexamethasone + rosiglitazone). Compared with DM, CTL0 significantly inhibited the expression of key pro-adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), LPL, A-FABP, and Glut4. These findings show that CTL0 extract has potent anti-obesity effects.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 2007

The left main descending artery (LMDA) of left coronary artery (LCA) in rats runs around the left side of conus arteriosus after arising from the aortic sinus and descends to the apex of heart with branching several branches into the wall of left ventricle (LV). The ligation site of LMDA for myocardial infarction (MI) is the 2~4 mm from LCA origin, between the pulmonary trunk and left auricle. The characteristics that rat heart has no interventricular groove on the surface and its coronary arteries run intramyocardially with branching several branches give the difficulty in surgery for MI which resulted in expected size. This study was aimed to elucidate the branching patterns of the left coronary artery for analysis of MI size and for giving the basic data to producing small MI intentionally in 2 male species that are widely used, Sprague-Dowley (SD) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), in the world. Red latex casting was followed by the microdissection in 27 and 28 hearts of SD and WKY male rats, respectively. The branching patterns of LMDA were classified into 3 major types and others based on the left ventricular branches (L). The Type I, Type II, Type III and others are shown in 55.6%, 22.2%, 14.8%, and 7.4% in SD, 60.7%, 10.7%, 7.1%, and 21.5% in WKY, respectively. The branching number of the first left ventricular branch (L1) that are distribute the upper one third of LV was 1.2~1.5, and its branching sites were ranging 0.9~2.1 ᒠfrom LCA origin. L2, the second left ventricular branch distributing middle one third of LV, was the number of 1.2~1.4 and branching out ranging 5.1~5.7 mm. L3, the third left ventricular branch of LMDA distributing lower one third of LV, was the number of 1~1.5 and branching out ranging 7.0~9.3 mm from LCA origin. The common branch of L1 and L2 was branched from LMDA with the number of 1.1, and its site was located in the distance of mean of 1.5 mm and 2.8 mm in SD and WKY, respectively. The common branch of L2 and L3 was branched from LMDA with the number of 1, and its site was located in the distance of mean of 7.2 mm and 2.9 mm in SD and WKY, respectively. The right ventricular branches (R) of LMDA were short and branched in irregularly compared with L. The number of 1~4 of R were branched from LMDA. With regarding to the distribution area of L and the ligation site for MI, moderate MI (25~35% of LV) might be resulted in 70.4% and 60.7% in SD and WKY rats. Small MI might be produced intentionally if the ligation would be located at the 4~6 mm from LCA origin in the left side of LMDA. These data wold be helpful to expect the size of MI and to reproduce of small MI, intentionally, in rat hearts.