• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.473-483
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• 2014

In this work, the effects of shade combination, shade height and wind regime on greenhouse climate were quantified. A two-dimensional (2-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed based on an 11-span plastic greenhouse in eastern China for wind almost normal to the greenhouse orientation. The model was first validated with air temperature profiles measured in a compartmentalized greenhouse cultivated with mature lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., 'Yang Shan'). Next, the model was employed to investigate the effect of shade combinations on greenhouse microclimate patterns. Simulations showed similar airflow patterns in the greenhouse under different shade combinations. The temperature pattern was a consequence of convection and radiation transfer and was not significantly influenced by shade combination. The use of shade screens reduced air velocity by $0.02-0.20m{\cdot}s^{-1}$, lowered air temperature by $0.2-0.8^{\circ}C$ and raised the humidity level by 0.9-2.0% in the greenhouse. Moreover, it improved the interior climate homogeneity. The assessment of shade performance revealed that the external shade had good cooling and homogeneity performance and thus can be recommended. Furthermore, the effects of external shade height and wind regime on greenhouse climate parameters showed that external shade screens are suitable for installation within 1 m above roof level. They also demonstrated that, under external shade conditions, greenhouse temperature was reduced relative to unshaded conditions by $1.3^{\circ}C$ under a wind speed of $0.5m{\cdot}s^{-1}$, whereas it was reduced by merely $0.5^{\circ}C$ under a wind speed of $2.0m{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Therefore, external shading is more useful during periods of low wind speed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 1997

The responses of gastric mucosal mast cells (GMMCS) to infection with coccid- ian protozoa, Clptosporinium muris, in mice were examined during primary and challenge infections. Each of three-week-old ICR SPF mice was orally inoculated with a single dose of 2 × 106 oocysts of C. muffs (strain MCR). After oocyst shedding ceased, the mice were orally challenged with a single dose of 2×106 oocysts of the same species. GMMCS reached a peak on days 20-30 postinoculation (Pl) in number, and decreased thereafter. An increase on days 20-30 post-challenge-infection (PCI) was also observed. The mice showed, on the whole, normal profiles of oocyst shedding in droppings. The number of the cells of uninfected control mice remained constant. .Tudging from the above results, it is suggested that mastocytosis correlate with expulsion of C. mans in primary infection and the defense mechanism of challenge infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2004

This paper describes the development of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine as potential renal function diagnostic radiopharmaceutical and evaluation of its biological characteristics using experimental animals. l-Cysteine was labeled efficiently with $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl precursor $([^{99m}Tc(CO)_3(H_2O)_3)]^{+})$ under 30 min heating at ${75^{\circ}C}$. Labeling yield and stability were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biodistribution property of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine in mice and its dynamic imaging profiles in rabbits were carried out. To investigate the excretion mechanism of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine, tubular transport inhibition test with probenecid was adopted. $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine was obtained with a high labeling yield under the moderate condition. The results of biodistribution experiments of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine in ICR mice at 3 and 90 min provided that $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine was very highly accumulated in the kidney and bladder, thereby almost 99% of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine was excreted within 90 min post injection. The same results were confirmed by the whole body dynamic images for 30 minutes and static images in rabbits at given time intervals after injection. Renogram of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine in rabbits showed that its $T_{max}$ and $T_{1/2}$ of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine were $2.33{\pm}0.56$ and $4.30{\pm}0.79$ min, respectively. The $T_{max}$ of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine with probenecid pretreatment was $2.30{\pm}0.17$ min, whereas $T_{1/2}$ of that with probenecid pretreatment was $17.0{\pm}32.47$ min. $T_{1/2}$ of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine with probenecid pretreatment was significantly different, as compared to the result without probenecid (p<0.0001). The results showed that the excretion of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine was extremely affected by probenecid. Therefore, $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl cysteine was rapidly excreted from the kidney principally by the tubular secretion.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.75-85
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• 2014

This study prepared steamed egg salted with different ratios of salt and saeu jeot, and examined the effects of the saeu jeot content on the quality characteristics of steamed egg through the analysis of moisture content, color, pH, texture profiles, and sensory evaluation. Moisture contents of steamed egg samples decreased with increased percentage of saeu jeot. Hunter color values of L(lightness) and b(yellowness) decreased with increasing in the percentage of saeu jeot. Also the pH of samples increased with increased saeu jeot. Texture profile analysis resulted that the hardness, chewiness, and gumminess decreased significantly with the increase of saeu jeot content. As a result of attribute difference test, appearance(yellowness and sleekness) decreased with the increase of saeu jeot. Most characteristics of flavors(roasted nutty smell, fishy smell, roasted nutty taste, saltness, fishy taste, umami) increased with the increase of saeu jeot. The steamed eggs salted with the same proportion of salt and saeu jeot showed the highest overall acceptability. The results are expected to be used in developing steamed egg products and preparing processed egg dishes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.226-233
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• 2010

Different dietary cereal sources and fat types in the lactation diet were evaluated to investigate their effects on reproductive performance, milk composition, blood metabolites and hormones in multiparous sows. Twenty-four sows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments according to a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicates comprising 1 sow. Two cereal (corn or wheat) and two fat (tallow or soybean oil) sources were used to prepare iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets. Sows fed corn-based diets lost less body weight (p = 0.003) and backfat thickness (p = 0.034), consumed more feed (p = 0.032) and had shorter wean-to-estrus interval (p = 0.016) than sows fed wheat-based diets. Fewer piglets and lower body weight of piglets (p<0.05) at weaning were noted in sows fed wheat-based diets than in sows fed corn-based diets. However, no significant effects (p>0.05) of dietary fat source and its interaction with dietary cereal source on sow body condition and reproductive performance were observed during lactation. Feeding of a corn-based diet improved (p<0.05) sow milk total solid, protein and fat, increased blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.032) and triglyceride (p = 0.018), and decreased blood creatinine (p = 0.011) concentration at weaning when compared with sows fed wheatbased diets. Sows fed corn-based diets had higher concentration of insulin (p = 0.048) and LH (p<0.05) at weaning than sows fed wheatbased diets. The results indicate that feeding corn-based diets to lactating sows improved sow body condition and reproductive performance compared with wheat-based diets regardless of fat sources.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.553-558
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• 2002

To utilize the small redlip croaker, four kinds of seasoned fillet were produced. The nutrient composition, peroxide value and coliforms count of the products were determined, and sensory characteristics were evaluated. The seasonings consisted of the formula for commercial dried file fish added with water (A, control), green tea extract (B), rosemary extract (C) and soypaste with red pepper (D). The crude protein and carbohydrate contents of the products were in the range of 39~45% and 23~3l%, respectively. The lipid content of product B was the lowest, while that of product D was the highest among the tested products. All products showed similar amino acid profiles with a high content of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine and lysine. The saturates in fatty acid composition were similar (50~51%) among the products. However, the polyenes were higher (17%) in product C than products A, B and D (13%). The peroxide value of product C was the lowest among the products. There were not significant differences in taste and color among the products.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.938-945
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effects of germinated and fermented (with Monascus pupureus) soybean screenings (GFS) on growth performance and meat quality in broiler chicken. A total of 750 1-day-old Ross ${\times}$ Ross male broiler chicks were randomly allocated into five groups (five replications with 30 birds each) and fed experimental diets for 5 wks as follows: Group 1, negative-control (antibiotics-free diet); Group 2, positive-control (negative-control with 10 ppm of Avilamycin); Group 3, negative-control with 0.3% GFS; Group 4, negative-control with 0.5% GFS; Group 5, negative-control with 1% GFS. The final body weight of each group fed a diet containing 1% GFS was significantly higher than that of the negative-control group. The feed conversion ratios of all groups fed diets containing GFS and the positivecontrol group were significantly improved compared to the negative-control group during the whole period (p<0.05). The relative weights of various organs along with the activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were not influenced by the dietary treatments. The levels of total serum cholesterol in groups fed diets containing 0.5% and 1% GFS were more significantly lowered compared to those of the control groups without GFS (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the cecal microflora profiles among the groups. Further, the dietary treatments did not influence the physico-chemical properties of the edible meat, including the shear force, pH, meat color (CIE $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$), and content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Cooking loss of breast muscle in the groups fed GFS was significantly lowered compared to that of the negative control group (p<0.05). These results indicate that dietary GFS could improve growth performance in broiler chicken and may affect meat quality in some instances.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.767-775
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• 2008

Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) plays a major role in thermogenesis at brown adipose tissues and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of A-3826G polymorphism in 117 Korean prepubertal children aged 8-11 years olds. Anthropometry by bioelectrical impedance analysis method, plasma lipid profiles by auto-biochemical analyzer and UCP-1 genotyping by PCR-RFLP were done. The frequencies of UCP-1 genotypes were AA; 17.7%, AG; 57.8%, GG; 26.6%. The frequencies of each G allele (55.5%) was similar to Japanese's (49%) and higher than Caucacian's (25%). No correlation UCP-1 polymorphism and BMI (kg/$m^2$) or the degree of obesity described by the relative percentiles of the standard weight according to height in prepubertal children. However, plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol were significantly increased in G allele when sex, age and weight were adjusted. Our results suggested that G allele of UCP-1 gene was stronger risk factors in hyperLDLcholesterolemia than A allele. This impact might be progressed as the precaution against the revalence of obesity based-metabolic disease.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.417-425
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• 2012

Salinity stress is one of the most serious factors limiting the productivity of agricultural crops. The aim of this study was to assess inter-cultivar (intraspecific) variation for salinity tolerance in six Korean rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars at the seedling stage. The effect of three different salinity stress levels (EC 4, 8, and 16 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$) on seedlings of six cultivars was investigated through leaf size, leaf dry weight, and leaf chlorosis. At the highest salinity level (16 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$), the mean decrease of leaf dry weight in 'Sunmang', 'Tammi', 'Tamla', 'Naehan', 'Youngsan', and 'Halla' was about 56.2, 56.9, 78.4, 79.3, 77.4, and 80.9%, respectively. 'Tammi' and 'Sunmang' showed much less reduction in leaf dry weight than all the other cultivars. In addition, diluted seawater treatments increased the occurrence of leaf chlorosis in six cultivars. At EC 8 and 16 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, 'Naehan', 'Youngsan', and 'Halla' showed a higher level of leaf chlorosis than 'Tammi' 'Sunmang', and 'Tamla'. On the basis of these results, six cultivars were placed into salinity-tolerant and sensitive groups. 'Tammi' and 'Sunmang' were the salinity-tolerant cultivars, while 'Naehan', 'Halla', 'Youngsan', and 'Tamla' were the salinity-sensitive cultivars. 'Tammi' and 'Naehan' rated as the most tolerant and most sensitive cultivar, respectively. To further analyze protein expression profiles in 'Tammi' and 'Naehan', 2-D proteomic analysis was performed using the plants grown under diluted seawater treatments. We identified eight differentially displayed proteins that participate in photosynthesis, carbon assimilation, starch and sucrose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cold and oxidative stress, and calcium signaling. The differential protein expressions in 'Tammi' and 'Naehan' are likely to correlate with the differential growth responses of both cultivars to salinity stress. These data suggest that 'Tammi' is better adapted to salinity stressed environments than 'Naehan'.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1984

In order to study the feasibility of industrial application of Kimchi juice separation-pasteurization method, a pilot scale Kimchi pasteurizer was designed and fabricated. The apparatus consisted of five sections: Kimchi juice separation-mixing, holding, precooling and cooling sections. Stainless steel pipelengths required for the heat exchanging sections were determined based on an equation, $W{\;}C_p{\;}T{\;}={\;}U(2{\;}RL){\;}T_{1m}$. Overall heat transfer coefficients in preheating, holding, precooling and cooling sections were 875, 1398, 2036, and $288{\;}kcal/m^2h^{\circ}C$ at the flow rate of 4 l/min, respectively, and temperature profiles of each section were in good agreement with those predicted from design criteria. A preliminary test using Chinese radish Kimchi demonstrated that this method can effectively be used in commercial processing of kimchi.