• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2009

To investigate the physicochemical characteristics of garlic(Allium sativum L.), general composition, mineral, vitamin C, free sugar and total acidity were determined in nine sample groups from Daejeong Jeju(DJ; Alttre, Gasiorum, Seoyukgaeri), four from Korea domestics(KD; Danyang, Uiseong, Taean and Namhae), and one from China. The average composition of the group from DJ included 63.0% of water, 35.6% of organic matter, and 1.40% of inorganic matter, which were similar to that of the group from KD. The contents of magnesium, phosphorus and sodium in the group from DJ were higher than those of the group from KD, whereas the contents of iron and calcium and total acidity showed a similar level. The mean vitamin C concentration in the group from DJ, especially from Alttre, was much higher than that in the groups from KD and China. It was also observed that the free sugar content of the group from DJ(Alttre) was the highest of all other garlic groups except that from China. In conclusion, the nutrient profiles of garlic groups from Daejeong Jeju are so comparable to those from Korean domestics, and so Daejeong Jeju should be recommended as the garlic cultivation area with acceptable quality.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.625-638
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• 2016

This paper presents field study and numerical modeling results for a single-cell low-fill concrete box culvert under a flexible pavement subjected to traffic loading. The culvert in the field test was instrumented with displacement transducers to capture the deformations resulting from different combinations of static and traffic loads. A low-boy truck with a known axle configuration and loads was used to apply seven static load combinations and traffic loads at different speeds. Deflections under the culvert roof were measured during loading. Soil and pavement samples were obtained by drilling operation on the test site. The properties of the soil and pavement layers were determined in the laboratory. A 3-D numerical model of the culvert was developed using a finite difference program FLAC3D. Linear elastic models were used for the pavement layers and soil. The numerical results with the material properties determined in the laboratory were compared with the field test results. The observed deflections in the field test were generally smaller under moving loads than static loads. The maximum deflections measured during the static and traffic loads were 0.6 mm and 0.41 mm respectively. The deflections computed by the numerical method were in good agreement with those observed in the field test. The deflection profiles obtained from the field test and the numerical simulation suggest that the traffic load acted more like a concentrated load distributed over a limited area on the culvert. Elastic models for culverts, pavement layers, and surrounding soil are appropriate for numerical modeling of box culverts under loading for load rating purposes.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1053-1060
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• 2011

This study is performed to determine the drug concentration profiles of drug-eluting stents (DES) for an ideal circular ring stent and intertwined stent models for various Reynolds numbers (Re = 200, 400, and 800). The Navier.Stokes equations coupled with the advection-diffusion equation are solved numerically in order to determine how the flow patterns and drug deposition are affected in the in-stent and post-stent regions where flow separation and recirculation occur. The presence of DES within the arterial segment affects the local drug distribution in the flow field. As a result, the drug concentration for the intertwined stent is higher over the in-stent region in comparison with the ideal stents. For a given stent geometry, the local drug concentration in the in-stent region decreases with Reynolds number, while for a given Reynolds number, the local drug concentration is relatively insensitive to the stent geometry. The results show that drug concentration along the arterial wall is significantly higher within the in-stent and post-stent regions for the intertwined stent geometry than for the ideal stent geometries.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2002

The water extract from the root bark of Cortex Mori (CM, Morus alba L.: Sangbaikpi), a mulberry tree, has been known in Chinese traditional medicine to have antiphlogistic, diuretic, and expectorant properties. In this study, the cytotoxicity of CM against tumor cells and its mechanism was examined . CM exhibited cytotoxic activity on K-562, B38O human leukemia cells and B16 mouse melanoma cells at concentrations of > 1 mg/ml. A DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage, and nuclear condensation assay showed that those cells exposed to CM underwent apoptosis. The water extract of Scutellarie Radix (SR) was used as a negative control and showed no cytotoxicity in those cells. The flow cytometric profiles of the CM-treated cells were also indicative of apoptosis. However, they did not appear to exert the G1 arrest, which is observed in other tubulin inhibitor agents such as vincristine, taxol. The protein-binding test using Biacore and a microtubule assembly-disassembly assay provided evidence showing that CM bound to the tubulins resulting in 3 markets inhibition of the assembly, but not the disassembly of microtubules. The possible nonspecific effect of the CM extract could be excluded due to the results using SR, which did not affect the assembly process. Overall, the water extract of CM induces apoptosis of tumor cells by inhibiting microtubule assembly.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1990

The growth and fermentation profiles of Clostridium acetobutylicum KCTC 1037 were examined in batch and continuous modes with pH variation and phosphate limitation. Clostridium acetobutylicum KCTC 10 37 grew better at pH 4.5 than at pH 5.5 or 6.5. Acetate and butyrate were produced at pH 5.5, whereas culture at pH 4.5 produced acetone and butanol. Solvent production was increased by the phosphate limitation in a batch culture, but in a phosphate-limited continuous culture for 400 hours steady-state solventogenesis was not observed. The induction and maintenance of solventogenesis presumably require not only acidic condition or phosphate limitation but also favourable bioenergetic condition.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.383-390
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• 2010

Exposure to fugitive dust can contribute to several respiratory health problems, and proper sampling of fugitive dust is necessary to assess exposure. However, field sampling of soil dust encounters problems from spatial and temporal differences in soil properties, field operations, and meteorological conditions. To minimize these problems, we designed a dust generator that simulates dust generation from soil. The dust generator consisted of a rotating chamber where soil samples were loaded and tumbled, and a settling chamber, where airborne soil dust samples were collected. As standard operating conditions, we decided on 2 g soil mass, 10 min sampling time, and 20 rpm rotating speed, with a flow rate of 30 l/min, based on three common soil textures of loam, sandy loam and silt loam. To evaluate optimal operating conditions, we used mixtures of Joomoonjin silica sand and clay. Although the average $PM_{10}$ concentration of Joomoonjin silica sand was low, dust concentrations were increased by an increased content of clay. The dust concentrations were consistent across repeated experiments, and showed similar concentration profiles during the sampling time with mixtures of clay and sand (coefficient of variation was $13.6{\pm}w;7.1%$). The results demonstrated that these standard operating conditions were suitable for the dust generator, which can be used to investigate variations in soil properties that affect dust production and potential potency of fugitive dust exposure.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.122-122
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• 2012

Geosynchronous electron flux dropouts are most likely due to fast drift loss of the particles to the magnetopause (or equivalently, the "magnetopause shadowing effect"). A possible effect related to the drift loss is the radial diffusion of PSD due to gradient of PSD set by the drift loss effect at an outer L region. This possibly implies that the drift loss can affect the flux levels even inside the trapping boundary. We recently investigated the details of such diffusion process by solving the diffusion equation with a set of initial and boundary conditions set by the drift loss. Motivated by the simulation work, we have examined observationally the energy spectrum and pitch angle distribution near trapping boundary during the geosynchronous flux dropouts. For this work, we have first identified a list of geosynchronous flux dropout events for 2007-2010 from GOES satellite electron measurements and solar wind pressures observed by ACE satellite. We have then used the electron data from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft measurements to investigate the particle fluxes. The five THEMIS spacecraft sufficiently cover the inner magnetospheric regions near the equatorial plane and thus provide us with data of much higher spatial resolution. In this paper, we report some case studies showing energy dependence during magnetopause shadowing effect.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 1997

The purpose of this work was to investigate pharmacokinetics of alcohol as a function of dose and time of administration of ethanol. The pharmacokinetics of alcohol 15 min after and before oral administration of aspartate-containing compositions to rats were also evaluated. The retention time of acetaldehyde, alcohol and isopropyl alcohol an internal standard in gas chromatogram was 3.6, 6.0 and 10.5 min, respectively. The maximum concentration of alcohol $(C_{max})$ and area under the blood concentration (AUC) were significanly increased as a function of ethanol dose in a nonlinear fashion. The significant diurnal variation of alcohol pharmacokinetics was also noted, showing fast metabolism and elimination when given orally in the night time. When APAP was given after administration alcohol (1g/kg) to rats, AUC and $C_{max}$ were increased when compared to alcohol only. However, AUC and $C_{max}$ were decreased when aspartate or standard complex compositions containing aceaminophen (APAP, 250mg). sodium L-aspartate(25 mg), dl-methionine (125 mg) and anhydrous caffeine (25 mg) was orally given by coupling malate/asparate shuttle in hepatocyte. The blood alcohol concentration profiles between aspartate and standard complex compositions were similar when given before or after administration alcohol (1g/kg) to rats. No significant difference of administration sequence was observed. However, it was noted that AUC and $C_{max}$ of standard complex compositions given before alcohol administration were significantly lower when compared with alcohol only. Based on these findings, dose, time of administration and composition of drugs to improve alcohol metabolism and elimination were considered to be important in the pharmacokinetics of alcohol. The administration sequence of drug compositions and alcohol might be also considerd.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2005

Cell response to genotoxic agents is complex and involves the participation of different classes of genes including cell cycle control, DNA repair and apoptosis. In this report, we presented a approach to characterize the cellular functions associated with the altered transcript profiles of MCF-7 exposed to low-dose in vitro gamma-irradiation. We used the method of human 2.4 k cDNA microarrays containing apoptosis, cell cycle, chromatin, repair, stress and chromosome genes to analyze the differential gene expression characterization that were displayed by radiation-exposed cell, human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell line, such as 4 Gy 4 hr, 8 Gy 4 hr, and 8 Gy 12 hr. Among these genes, 66 were up-regulated and 49 were down-regulated. Specific genes were concomitantly induced in the results. Cyclin dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) is induced for starting the cell cycle. This regulation is required for a DNA damage­induced G1 arrest. In addition to, an apoptotic pathways gene Bcl-w was concomitantly induced. Mismatch repair protein homologue-l (hMLH1), a necessary component of DNA mismatch protein repair (MMR), in G2-M cell cycle checkpoint arrest. The present study provides new information on the molecular mechanism underlying the cell response to genotoxic stress, with relevance to basic and clinical research.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.294-301
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• 2013

In this study, we examined the hepatic anti-steatosis activity of carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic compound of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves, as well as its possible mechanism of action, in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice model. Mice were fed a HFD, or a HFD supplemented with 0.01% (w/w) CA or 0.02% (w/w) CA, for a period of 12 weeks, after which changes in body weight, blood lipid profiles, and fatty acid mechanism markers were evaluated. The 0.02% (w/w) CA diet resulted in a marked decline in steatosis grade, as well as in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index values, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IGTT) results, body weight gain, liver weight, and blood lipid levels (P < 0.05). The expression level of hepatic lipogenic genes, such as sterol regulating element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), liver-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and fatty acid synthase (FAS), was significantly lower in mice fed 0.01% (w/w) CA and 0.02% (w/w) CA diets than that in the HFD group; on the other hand, the expression level of ${\beta}$-oxidation-related genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ (PPAR-${\alpha}$), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1), and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), was higher in mice fed a 0.02% (w/w) CA diet, than that in the HFD group (P < 0.05). In addition, the hepatic content of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), and oleic acid (C18:1) was significantly lower in mice fed the 0.02% (w/w) CA diet than that in the HFD group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that orally administered CA suppressed HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and fatty liver-related metabolic disorders through decrease of de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid elongation and increase of fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation in mice.