• Journal of KIISE
• /
• v.44 no.12
• /
• pp.1269-1274
• /
• 2017

This paper focuses on the Hangul-to-roman conversion of Korean names. The proposed method recognizes existing notation and provides results according to the frequency of use. There are two main reasons for the diversity in Hangul-to-roman name conversion. The first is the indiscreet use of varied notation made domestically and overseas. The second is the customary notation of current notation. For these reasons, it has become possible to express various Roman characters in Korean names. The system constructs and converts data from 4 million people into a statistical dictionary. In the first step, the person's name is judged through a process matching the last name. In the second step, the first name is compared and converted in the statistical dictionary. In the last step, the syllables in the name are compared and converted, and the results are ranked according to the frequency of use. This paper measured the performance compared to the existing service systems on the web. The results showed a somewhat higher performance than other systems.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.172-183
• /
• 1999

Background: Nitric oxide is a short-lived effector molecule derived from L-arginine by the nitric oxide synthase(NOS). Nitric oxide plays a role in a number of physiologic and pathophysiologic functions including host defense, edema formation, and regulation of smooth muscle tone. Some kinds of cells including macrophage are known to produce large quantities of nitric oxide in response to inflammatory stimuli such as interleukin-$1\beta$(IL-$1\beta$), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$), interferon-$\gamma$(IFN-$\gamma$) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Reactive oxygen species are also known to be important in the pathogenesis of acute cell and tissue injury such as acute lung injury model Methods: Using the RA W264.7 cells, we have examined the ability of oxidant hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) to stimulate nitric oxide production and inducible NOS mRNA expression. Also, we have examined the effects of NOS inhibitors and antioxidants on $H_2O_2$ induced nitric oxide production. Results: Stimulation of RAW264.7 cells with combinations of 100 ng/ml IL-$1\beta$, 100 ng/ml TNF-$\alpha$, and 100 U/ml IFN-$\gamma$ or 100 U/ml IFN-$\gamma$ and $1{\mu}g/ml$ LPS induced the synthesis of nitric oxide as measured by the oxidation products nitrite($NO_2^-$) and nitrate($NO_3^-$). Addition of $250 {\mu}M-2$ mM $H_2O_2$ to the cytokines significantly augmented the synthesis of $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$(p<0.05). When cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of $H_2O_2$ in the presence of IL-$1\beta$, TNF-$\alpha$ and IFN-$\gamma$ at constant level, the synthesis of $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ was dose-dependently increased(p<0.05). $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME), dose dependently, significantly inhibited the formation of $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ in cells stimulated with LPS, IFN-$\gamma$ and $H_2O_2$ at constant level(p<0.05). Catalase significantly inhibited the $H_2O_2$-induced augmentation of cytokine-induced $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ formation(p<0.05). But, boiled catalase did not produce a significant inhibition in comparison with the native enzyme. Another antioxidant 2-mercaptoethanol and orthophenanthroline dose-dependently suppressed $NO_2^-$ and $NO_3^-$ synthesis(p<0.05). Northern blotting demonstrated that H:02 synergistically stimulated the cytokine-induced iNOS mRNA expression in RA W264.7. Conclusion: These results suggest that $H_2O_2$ contributes to inflammatory process by augmenting the iNOS expression and nitric oxide synthesis induced by cytokines.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2010

Background: Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in persistent pain, including neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Since the data suggest that ROS are involved in central sensitization, the present study examines the levels of activated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the dorsal horn after an exogenous supply of three antioxidants in rats with chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP). This serves as an animal model of complex regional pain syndrome type-I induced by hindpaw ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: The application of tight-fitting O-rings for a period of three hours produced CPIP in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Allopurinol 4 mg/kg, allopurinol 40 mg/kg, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 4,000 U/kg, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) 10 mg/kg and SOD 4,000 U/kg plus L-NAME 10 mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally just after O-ring application and on the first and second days after reperfusion. Mechanical allodynia was measured, and activation of the NMDA receptor subunit 1 (pNR1) of the lumbar spinal cord (L4-L6) was analyzed by the Western blot three days after reperfusion. Results: Allopurinol reduced mechanical allodynia and attenuated the enhancement of spinal pNR1 expression in CPIP rats. SOD and L-NAME also blocked spinal pNR1 in accordance with the reduced mechanical allodynia in rats with CPIP. Conclusions: The present data suggest the contribution of superoxide, produced via xanthine oxidase, and the participation of superoxide and nitric oxide as a precursor of peroxynitrite in NMDA mediated central sensitization. Finally, the findings support a therapeutic potential for the manipulation of superoxide and nitric oxide in ischemia/reperfusion related pain conditions.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.10
• /
• pp.43.1-43.5
• /
• 2016

Three specimens of Lutjanus ophuysenii (217.8-226.7 mm in standard length) were collected by a gill net at Korea between August 2015 and July 2016. This species has not previously been recorded from Korea. L. ophuysenii is very similar to Lutjanus vitta. But several morphological characteristics distinguish the two species, including the number of lateral line scales (46-49 scales in L. ophuysenii; 49-52 scales in L. vitta), a black spot in the middle part of the longitudinal stripe (present in L. ophuysenii; absent in L. vitta), and the absence of a scale on posterior end of the preopercle in L. ophuysenii (present in L. vitta). The Korean name proposed for L. ophuysenii is "Jeom-jul-tung-dom."

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.148-160
• /
• 2002

배 경 : 쥐를 고농도의 산소에 60시간 이상 노출시켰을 때 급성 폐손상이 유발되지만 내독소를 저용량으로 투여시에는 이러한 폐손상이 경감된다고 알려져 있으나 그 기전에 대하여는 확실히 밝혀지지 않고 있다. 산화질소(nitric oxide, NO)는 내독소나 염증성 사이토카인(cytokine) 등의 자극에 의해서 폐내 여러 염증세포에서 만들어지며 이 산화질소는 경우에 따라 우리 몸에 이롭거나 해로운 양면성을 지니고 있다. 저자들은 쥐에서 고농도의 산소에 의한 폐손상이 저농도의 내독소 투여로 경감되는 기전에, 산화질소가 중요한 역할을 하는지 또는 황산화효소나 다른 항염증성 사이토카인이 중요한 역할을 하는지를 규명하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 총 120마리의 쥐 (Sprague-Dawley rat)를 24마리씩 5군으로 나누어 대조군은 실내 공기를, 고농도 산소군은 100%의 산소를 100%의 산소를 60시간 투여하였고 내독소군은 100% 산소 투여시 2일간 저용량의 내독소를 투여하였다. 다른 두 군은 산화질소 합성 억제물인 aminoguanidine(AG)과 N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)를 각각 2일간 고농도 산소와 내독소에 더하여 투여하였다. 각각의 군에서 폐손상의 정도와 사망률을 관찰하고 superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, nitric oxide, IL-6, IL-11을 기관지폐포세척액에서 측정하고, 고농도산소 투여군의 폐조직에서 iNOS synthase rnRNA의 발현을 비교하였다. 결 과: 1. 100%의 산소에 60시간 노출시켰을 때 쥐의 사망률은 8.3% 이었고 내독소 투여군은 4.2%, NAME 투여군이 37.5%, AG 투여군이 25%로 산화질소 합성 억제제에 의하여 사망률의 증가가 관찰되었다. 2. 폐의 손상 정도를 나타내는 폐의 wet/dry 중량비와 늑막액도 100%의 산소에 노출된 군에서 증가되었고 내독소 투여에 의하여 감소되었으며 NAME나 AG 투여군에서는 오히려 증가되었다. 3. 이러한 내독소에 의한 폐손상 억제효과가 항산화효소인 SOD나 catalase, 또는 protective cytokine인 IL-6나 IL-11등의 증가와 관련이 있는지를 관찰하였으나 이들 모두에서 유의한 변화를 관찰하지 못하였다. 4. 산화질소는 100% 산소에 노출시킨 군에서도 증가하였으나 내독소 투여군에서 유의하게 더욱 증가하였고 이는 L-NAME 나 aminoguanidine의 투여시 감소하였다. 5. iNOS mRNA의 발현도 내독소 투여군에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 결 론 : 쥐의 고농소 산소 투여에 의한 폐손상은 저용량의 내독소 투여로 경감되며, 이는 주로 내독소 투여에 의한 iNOS mRNA의 발현을 유도하여 생성된 산화질소의 증가에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.574-580
• /
• 2020

In this study we sought to determine the food fraud by discriminating species of commercial seafood product such as Larimichthys polyactis, Larimichthys crocea, Pennahia argentatus, and Miichthys miiuy, which are difficult to morphologically discriminate. After amplifying the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of the reference fish, the DNA sequences of the amplified PCR products were analyzed. As a result, a 655 bp sequence for species identification was selected for use as DNA barcodes. To confirm the DNA data and primer set, the DNA barcode sequence of each fish was compared to that in that in the NCBI. All of the DNA barcode data were matched with the gene sequence of each fish in the NCBI. A total of 32 processed seafood products (8 L. polyactis, 12 L. crocea, 3 Pennahia argentatus, and 9 Miichthys miiuy) were investigated. Homology of 97% or more in DNA sequences was judged as the same species. As a result of the monitoring, there were no discovered cases of forgery or alteration. However, the use of a raw material name having no matching standard name in the Korea Food Code may cause consumer confusion. Therefore, it is suggested that the standard name or scientific name be co-labeled with the raw material name on seafood products to prevent consumer confusion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.28 no.11
• /
• pp.1458-1469
• /
• 2004

In this study, color names focusing on the purple series, appearing in the clothing of the Joseon Dynasty, were classified systematically, and the conceptual meaning of each name were investigated through various methods. The results are as follows; First, the color names of purple-series were classified systematically. According to the integration scheme of morphemes, color names could be divided into two categories; single names and composite names. Color names could also be classified into universal and limited names according to the areal distribution of literatures. Secondly, the conceptual meaning of the color names of purple-series were considered. The conceptual meaning could be divided into two categories; one 'etymological and dyeing methodological meaning', the other 'color systematic meaning' By studying the dictionary definition of color names, comparing and analyzing the material composition of colors, the etymological and dyeing methodological meaning could be grasped. Furthermore, the color systematic meaning of each name could be grasped through the cluster analysis of L*, a*, b* values measured from the relics of clothing. Thirdly, the conceptual semantic structure were established on the basis of conceptual meanings of purple-series color names. The conceptual semantic structure of purple-series color names is forming discrete structure with the dyeing method and material of dyes as their semantic components.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.22-25
• /
• 2014

Two species of small gobiid fishes genus Luciogobius, i.e., L. elongatus, L. platycephalus were described as the first records from Korea based on specimens collected from gravel beaches of Gijang-gun, Busan-si, Korea. Luciogobius elongatus is distinguished from congeners by very elongated and naked body, 42-44 vertebrae, 6-7 dorsal soft rays, and no free rays on pectoral fin, and L. platycephalus is characterized by having very depressed head, naked body, 40-41 vertebrae, 10-11 dorsal soft rays, and pectoral fin with only upper 2-4 free rays. We propose the new Korean name "Ga-neun-mi-kkeun-mang-dug", "Nab-jak-mi-kkeun-mang-dug" for L. elongatus and L. platycephalus, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.149-154
• /
• 2007

Kainic acid (KA) causes neurodegeneration, but no consensus has been reached concerning its mechanism. Nitric oxide may be a regulator of the mechanism. We identified differentially expressed genes in the hippocampus of mice treated with kainic acid, together with or without L-NAME, a nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, using a new differential display PCR method based on annealing control primers. Eight genes were identified, including clathrin light polypeptide, TATA element modulatory factor 1, neurexin III, ND4, ATPase, $H^+$ transporting, V1 subunit E isoform 1, and N-myc downstream regulated gene 2. Although the functions of these genes and their products remain to be determined, their identification provides insight into the molecular mechanism(s) involved in KA-induced neuronal cell death in the hippocampal CA3 area.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.262-269
• /
• 2000

말초 미각계 및 중추 미각계에서 산화질소의 역할과 그것의 합성효소의 존재는 아직 규명되지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 말초미각계인혀와 미각구심성신경 그리고 중추미각계인 뇌간고속핵에서 산화질소 합성효소의 분포 및 면역조직화학 방법과 고삭신경의 extracellular recording 뇌간고속핵 절편 whole cell patch 방법으로 조사하였다. 신경성 산화질소 합성효소는 혀의 전방에 위치한 심상유두와 유곽유두에 약하게 존재하였으며 미뢰주위와 결체조직에 존재하는 신경섬유 및 혀의 상피층에 풍부하게 존재하였다. 혀에 소금물을 가하여 증가된 고삭신경의 복합전위는 산화질소 유리제인 SNP에 의해 증가되었으며 내인성 산화질소 합성효소 억제제인 L-NAME와 soluble guanylate cyclase 억제제인 ODQ에 의해 억제되었다. 문측 연수에 존재한 문측 고속핵과 진전핵에서 nNOS가 풍부하게 존재하였다. 문측 고속핵의 신경들은 안정막전위가 $-48{\pm}52mV$였고 활동전위의 크기는 $74{\pm}11mV$였다. SNP에 의해 뇌간 고속핵 신경들이 탈분극되었으며 current clamp하였을 때 활동전압의 빈도가 증가하였다. 또한 SNP에 의한 문측 고속핵의 탈분극과 활동전압 빈도증가는 L-NAME와 ODQ에 의해 감소되었다. 이상의 실험결과는 산화질소 합성효소가 혀와 뇌간고속핵에 존재하며 여기서 유리된 내인성 산화질소가 말초성 및 중추성 미각기전에 관여하리라 사료된다.