• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2001

Analytical method of benzophenone (BP) in sediment and soil was developed by gas chromatography/mass selective detector/selected ion monitoring (GC/MSD/SIM). The ultrasonic extraction of US EPA (method 3550B) method and liquid-liquid extraction for sediment and soil samples were used for the analysis of BP from sediment and soil. BP was extracted with n-hexane. Organic layer was washed with 5% sodium chloride solution. 1∼2 l of the concentrated solution of organic layer was applied to GC/MSD. The retention time of BP peak was 11.10 min. Recovery (％) of BP by ultrasonication from sediment and soil samples was 96.0∼100.6％ and 40.0∼83.0％, respectively. Recovery of BP by liquid-liquid extraction was 51∼59％ in soil samples. The detection limit of BP in sediment and soil samples were determined to 0.1 ng/g.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.516-521
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• 2014

고점성이며 낮은 표면장력 매체로 구성된 기포탑에서 축방향 국부 열전달 계수와 총괄 열전달 계수에 대해 고찰하였다. 기체공탑유속(0.02~0.10 m/s), 액체 점도($0.1{\sim}0.3Pa{\cdot}s$) 그리고 액체 표면장력($66.1{\sim}72.9{\times}10^{-3}N/m$)이 국부 및 총괄 열전달 계수에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 열전달 영역은 기포탑 내부 열원과 기포탑 간의 열전달계로 구성하였다. 즉, 기포탑의 중앙에 수직 열원을 설치하여 내부 열원으로 하였다. 열전달 계수는 주어진 운전조건에서 열원에 제공되는 열량과 내부 열원과 기포탑 간의 온도차를 연속적으로 측정하여 결정하였다. 국부 열전달 계수는 기체공탑유속이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 기체 분산판으로 부터의 축방향 거리가 증가함에 따라, 액체의 표면장력이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 총괄 열전달 계수는 기체공탑유속이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 액상의 점도와 표면장력이 증가함에 따라서는 감소하였다. 총괄 열전달 계수는 기체공탑유속, 액상의 점도와 표면장력의 함수로 상관계수 0.91의 상관식을 얻을 수 있었으며 넛셀 수, 레이놀즈 수, 플란틀 수 그리고 웨버 수의 함수로 상관계수 0.92의 상관식으로 나타낼 수 있었다. $$h=2502U^{0.236}_{G}{\mu}^{-0.250}_{L}{\sigma}^{-0.028}_L$$ $$Nu=325Re^{0.180}Pr^{-0.067}We^{0.028}$$.

• 공업화학
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.706-713
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• 1994

$45^{\circ}C$와 $65^{\circ}C$의 등온하에서 MTBE-methanol, MTBE-n-heptane, methanol-n-heptane 각 이성분계에 대한 등온 기액 평형 데이타를 head space gas chromatography(H.S.G.C.)를 이용해서 측정하였다. 이들중에 MTBE-methanol계와 methanol-n-heptane계에서 최소공비점이 발견되었으며, 특히 methanol-n-heptane계에서는 불용영역의 존재로 인한 불균일 최소공비점을 나타내었다. 각각의 실험 데이타들은 과잉 Gibbs 에너지 모델에 합치시켜서 그 상관관계를 알아보았으며, Redlich-Kister의 적분법에 의한 열역학적 일치성 시험도 수행하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제15권E호
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• pp.17-28
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• 1999

Gas-liquid contact tests above a perforated-plate were conducted with air and water at flooding gas-flow conditions in order to study two-phase flow characteristics in a limestone-gypsum SO2 absorber. Gas layers were in the form of air pockets and confined to the limited areas around each duct pipe, while the remaining tary area were in the wet condition. The liquid above the tray was always in the flooded and even fluidized conditions at gas flows over the range studied, although vigorous bubbly or churn-turbulent two-phase regime was only observed in the immediate vicinity of the gas hole exit at low gas loads. The froth zone was extremely active to provide intimate contact between gas and liquid so that the necessary mass transfer operation can take place, which is the primary purpose of high-performance SO2 absorbers. Howefer, the absorber $\Delta$P was 250mmH2O for the initial water level at 150mm, which is an important issue to be resolved for economical operation of the SO2 absorber. It was seen in the liquid level-and gas flow-transient tests that changes in the absorber liquid inventory were much more pronounced for intimate gas-liquid contact than changes in the gas flow. Based on the 4- and 8-duct pipe test results, grouping the duct pipes near the center of the test tray seemed to promote better recirulation of liquid from gas-liquid contact zone back to the reaction tank so that the absorbed SO2 can be neutralized.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.340-344
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• 2008

Electro-flotation (EF) was applied to a sequencing batch reactor process (SBR) in order to enhance solids-liquid separation. Solids-liquid separation was good enough in the SBR coupled with EF (EF-SBR) and it was possible to maintain the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) high in the EF-SBR. Under moderate organic loading condition (COD loading rate: 6 g/day), control SBR (C-SBR) showed similar treatment efficiencies with the EF-SBR. Under high organic loading condition (COD loading rate: 9.6 g/day), the solids-liquid separation in the C-SBR was deteriorated due to proliferation of filamentous bulking organisms at high F/M ratio. However, the EF-SBR was operated stably and with the high MLSS concentration (above 4,000 mg/L) regardless of the organic loading conditions during overall operating period leading to the satisfactory effluent quality. Gas production rate of the electrodes was gradually decreased because of anodic corrosion and scale build-up at the surface of cathode. However it could be partially overcome by use of corrosion-proof electrode material (SUS-316 L) and by periodic current switching between the electrodes.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.154-160
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• 2017

본 연구는 하천수 중 bisphenol계 화합물 종 6 (BPA, BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPS)을 동시분석하기 위하여 GC-MS를 이용하였다. 또한 최적의 전처리 방법을 확립하고자 SPE 및 LLE법을 이용하여 표준시료로부터 검량선의 직선성, MDL, LOQ, 정확도 및 정밀도를 비교하였다. SPE 및 LLE 전처리 방법에 의한 MDL은 각각 $0.0005{\sim}0.0234{\mu}g/L$와 $0.0037{\sim}0.2034{\mu}g/L$, LOQ는 각각 $0.0015{\sim}0.0744{\mu}g/L$와 $0.0117{\sim}0.6477{\mu}g/L$, 검량선의 결정계수($r^2$)는 모두 0.9969이상 정확도는 각각 93.2~108%와 97.4~120%, 정밀도는 각각 1.7~4.6%와 0.7~6.5%범위로 만족한 정도관리 결과를 얻었다. 하지만 SPE법에 의한 MDL 및 LOQ 값은 LLE법보다 약 4~45배 정도 높은 감도를 보였고, 특히 BPA의 경우는 다른 화합물들보다 45배 정도 높았다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 SPE법을 적용하여 하천수 시료를 분석하였고, 조사지점은 본류 7개, 지류 6개, 하수종말처리장 2개 지점을 선정하였다. Bisphenol계 화합물 중에서 BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF 및 BPS는 모두 불검출 되었으나, BPA 농도는 $0.0095{\sim}0.2583{\mu}g/L$ 범위로 본류 $0.0166{\sim}0.0810{\mu}g/L$, 지류 $0.0095{\sim}0.2583{\mu}g/L$, 하수종말처리장$0.0352{\sim}0.1217{\mu}g/L$으로 미량 수준이었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2009

An analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography / mass spectrometry has been developed for measurement of acaricides (amitraz, bromopropylate, coumaphos, cymiazole, and tetradifon) in honey sample. In the stability test of acaricides in honey, amitraz underwent a rapid degradation into 2,4-dimethylaniline (DMA), 2,4-dimethylphenylformamide (DMPF), and N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N'-methylformamidine (DMPMF), whileas other acaricides were found to be stable even for over three months. Extraction of five acaricides from 5g of honey sample was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction using 20mL of ethylacetate. For purification, Florisil-SPE cartridge with elution of 5mL of n-hexane/ acetone (55:45, v/v) was found to remove interferences effectively. Quantification was performed using gas chromatography / mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. Spiking experiments were carried out to determine the recovery, precision, and limits of detection (LODs) of the method. The overall recovery values from honey spiked at 0.02 and 0.20 ${\mu}g/g$ levels, respectively, were found to be greater than 75% for all acaricides. The method detection limits for acaricides were ranged from 0.1 to 3 ppb. The developed method in this study was applied for the monitoring of acaricides in honey products collected from urban markets in Korea.

• 한국국제농업개발학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.507-512
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• 2011

본 연구는 유기액비 재료가 유기액비 제조시 화학적 특성 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 충청북도농업기술원 플라스틱 하우스에서 수행하였다. 계분, 대두박, 쌀겨 등 3처리를 하였다. 본 시험에서 얻어진 결과를 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 액비 원료의 총 질소 함량은 대두박이 55 mg·kg^-1으로 가장 많았으며, 인산과 칼륨 함량은 계분에서 가장 많았다. 계분의 pH는 중성에 가까웠으며, 대두박과 쌀겨는 강산성을 띠었다. 계분 액비의 EC는 발효기간이 증가할수록 증가하였고, 대두박과 쌀겨 액비는 발효기간 중 증가하다가 감소, 증가하는 경향이었다. 계분 액비의 황화수소 발생량은 발효 후 2주차에는 3,200 mg·L^-1이었으나, 발효 12주차에는 1,600 mg·L^-1으로 감소하였고, 대두박과 쌀겨 액비는 발효 과정중 황화수소 가스가 발생하지 않았거나 거의 발생하지 않았다. 질소와 칼슘 함량은 계분 액비와 대두박 액비에서 가장 많았다. 인산, 마그네슘의 함량은 쌀겨 액비에서 각각 5.6 g·kg^-1, 1.5 g·kg^-1으로 가장 높았다. 칼륨은 처리에 따라 4.3-4.4g·kg^-1으로 차이가 없었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.539-543
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• 2004

An efficient analytical method was devised for the accurate L-muscone assay in aqueous samples. It involves solid-phase extraction of L-muscone in adsorption mode using XAD-4 as the sorbent and dichloromethane modified with 10% (v/v) methanol as the eluting solvent. The gas chromatographic analysis of the eluate residue dissolved in toluene on a DB-5MS capillary column provided complete resolution of L-muscone from the co-extracted interferences. The overall method showed excellent linearity ($r^2{\geq}$ 0.9994) in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL with good intra- and inter-day precisions (% RSD = 2.5～7.3) and with high extraction recovery rates ($\geq$ 98.1 %). When the present method was applied to a L-muscone herbal drink product, the within-batch RE (%) in the labeled concentration (1.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) for the three randomly chosen bottles were -2.4, -1.3 and -3.3 with high precision (% RSD $\leq$ 3.1). The present method is considered to be suitable for quality control evaluation on liquid drinks and other complex formulations fortified with L-muscone.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.4053-4061
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• 1996

Internal flow characteristics within Y-jet atomizers and the local drop size distribution and cross-sectional averaged drop size at the outside were investigated with the liquid and air injection pressures, mixing port length of atomizers, and the liquid properties taken as parameters. To examine the effect of the liquid viscosity, glycerin-water mixtures were used in this study. The liquid viscosity plays only a minor role in determining the internal flow pattern and the spatial distribution shape of drops, but the drop sizes themselves generally increase with increasing of the liquid viscosity. An empirical correlation for the liquid discharge coefficient at the liquid port was deduced from the experimental results; the liquid discharge coefficient strongly depends on the liquid flow area at the mixing point which is proportional to the local volumetric quality(.betha.$_{Y}$), and the volumetric quality was included in the correlation. Regardless of the value of the liquid viscosity, the compressible flow through the gas port was well represented by the polytropic expansion process(k=1.2), and the mixing point pressure could be simply correlated to the aspect ratio( $l_{m}$/ $d_{m}$) of the mixing port and the air/liquid mass flow rate ratio( $W_{g}$/ $W_{f}$) as reported in the previous study.udy.udy.y.