• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1982

The large devastated land in Young-il district, Gyeongsangbusdo, had been existed for a long time, and the Korean government had invested 3.8 billion won to control soil erosion of the area for 5 years from 1973 to 1977. This research was to investigate the changes of the soil profile and vegetation structure in the 3rd, 6th and 9th years since soil erosion control had implemented. The results obtained in this study are as follows: 1) The thickness of the litter layer (L), the fermentation layer(F), the humified layer(H) and the surface soil layer(S) increased with increasing years after implements soil erosion control project had started. 2) The H layer was not showed for the three years since the project had implemented but was in the sixty year. 3) The soil chemical elements including the organic matter and total nitrogen increased with increasing years after the project had started, the amounts of organic matter and total nitrogen were three and seven times higher respectively in the nineth year after project had started. The amounts of organic matter and total nitrogen were three and seven times higher, respectively in the nineth year after project started than those before. 4) Among the grasses and trees which had been sowed or planted during project period, the summed domination ratios for arundinella hirta var ciliare. Themeda japonica, Cymbopogen goeringi and Lespedeza bicolor decreased rapidly, while those for Robinia pesudoacacia and Pinus densiflora increased with increasing years after the project started. 5) The appearance of Quercus seedlings suited to this area and Pinus densiflora seedling which is a subclimax species increased with increasing years after the project started.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1164-1172
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• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma reesei derived phytase for pigs fed diets with fixed calcium to total phosphorus ratios (1.5:1). In Exp. 1, 280 weaned pigs (initial BW of $10.32{\pm}1.94$ kg) were allocated to one of five dietary treatments on the basis of weight and gender in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were the low phosphorus (0.6% Ca, 0.4% total P and 0.23% available P) diets supplemented with 0, 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU phytase/kg of diet and a positive control diet (PC; 0.85% Ca, 0.58% total P and 0.37% available P). The treatments were applied to seven pens with eight pigs per pen, half male and half female. In Exp. 2, six barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula (initial BW = $35.1{\pm}1.6$ kg) were assigned to three dietary treatments with a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were the low-phosphorus diet (0.53% Ca, 0.34% total P and 0.14% available P), the low phosphorus diet plus 1,000 FTU phytase/kg and a positive control diet (0.77% Ca, 0.50% total P and 0.30% available P). In Exp. 1, there were linear increases (p<0.01) in weight gain, phosphorus absorption, bone strength, calcium and phosphorus content of fat-free dried bone and plasma phosphorus concentrations with increasing dose rate of phytase. The performance of pigs fed the diets with 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet. Pigs fed diets with 1,000 or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet in bone characteristics. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ash and energy was not affected by dietary treatment. However, pigs fed the PC diet excreted more fecal phosphorus (g/d, p<0.01) and fecal phosphorus per BW gain (g/kg) than pigs fed the diets with phytase. Phytase linearly decreased (p<0.01) fecal phosphorus excreted per BW gain (g/kg), plasma calcium concentration as well as plasma and bone alkaline phosphatase activity. In Exp. 2, phytase supplementation in the low-P diet increased (p<0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Ca, P, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine and cysteine, tended to AID of crude protein, isoleucine, threonine, asparagine and serine. In conclusion, the novel phytase originated from Trichoderma reesei is effective in releasing Ca, P, and amino acids from corn soy based diet for pigs.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.255-265
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate if there were a significant difference between cephalometric measurements of mandibular position derived from a centric occlusion tracing compared to those of a converted centric relation tracing in the Class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 25 Class III malocclusion and 25 normal occlusion persons who had no orthodontic treatment. The records included an lateral cephalometrics in centric occlusion, centric relation and centric occlusion bite registration and diagnostic casts mounted on the SAM II articulator in CR. The amount of CR-CO discrepancy of condyle was recorded using a MPI(Mandibular Position Indicator, MPI $200^{(R)}$, Great Lakes Orthodontics, USA). The conversion of the CO cephalogram to CR using the MPI readings was performed on the Conversion work sheet. Measures of mandibular position were chosen for the purpose of this study. The comparison of the difference between CO and CR cephalometric measurements in the normal occlusion and Class III malocclusion group were studied. The results were as follows: 1. In the features of CR-CO discrepancy of the condyle, the condyle was displaced posterior and inferior when the teeth were in centric occlusion. The horizontal component(${\Delta}X$) in Class HI malocclusion group was greater than the vertical component(${\Delta}Z$) and also greater than the horizontal component(${\Delta}X$) in normal occlusion group. There was no statistically significant correlation between MPI measurements and the groups of normal occlusion and Class III malocclusion group. 2. In the comparison of the cephalometric measurements in each group, Normal occlusion group showed significant difference in measurements such as ANB, Facial angle, Facial convexity and ODI. Class HI malocclusion group showed significant difference in measurements such as ANB, Facial angle, Facial convexity, ODI, SNB, APDI, L1-FP and it had more significance than the normal occlusion group. 3. The Value of cephalometric measurements was significantly different between CO and CR but there were no differences between the groups of normal occlusion and Class III malocclusion. The results of this study suggest that if the discrepancies are greater than the amount of normal displacement from clinically captured centric relation, centric relation should be considered as the starting point for proper diagnosis and treatment planning.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 1994

The authors studied therapeutic effects and related clinical data retrospectively on a series of 48 consecutive patients with head injury who were referred to physical therapy and occupational therapy, Kosin University Medical Center during 1 year, from March, 1993. through March, 1994. The conclusions were as follows : 1. Average age of the subject patients was 50.6 years, their age remped from 14 to 72 years, and the incidence between male and femele was 1:1.1. 2. In respect to the educational level high school graduates showed the highest incidence 18 (39.1 %) of 46 cases, and in respect to economy level, middle class revealed the highest incidence, 31(64.6 %) in 48 cases. 3. The HBP was the most common cause of spontaneity injury, disclosing 19 cases in 35 patients(54.3%), whereas the main cause of traumatic injury was a traffic accident, 7 cases ( 53.8 %) in 13 patients. 4. As for the region of injury in the cases of spontaneity ICH was 14 persons (40%). In the cases of trauma, hematoma was seen in 6 cases(42.2 %) in 48 total cases ICH was seen in 17 cases (35.4 %) to be the most common region. 5. Among 35 persons, spontaneity CBR was the highest region of injury, 13 cases(37.1 %) ; the side of paralysis in extremities the right side showed higher incidence, 18 cas (1.4 %) as compared to the left, 16 cases(45.7%). In the case of traumatic injury, CBR was the highest region of injury, 4(30.8% )in 13 cases and as for the paralysis side, right side showed higher incidence 7 cases(53.8%) as compared to the left side 5 cases(38.5%). 6. In respect to recurrence, HBP was seen in 5 cases to be the most common cause, and as for the region of injury, CBR was the highest. 7. A period of rehabilitation therapy in the cases of physical therapy the highest term was 1-2 month, 14 persons(29.2%). As for occupational therapy within 2 week-term was the highest, 24 persons(50%). 8. Physical strenth grade M.T in the cases of the upper extrimities before therapy, the low mark(grade 0) was 30 cases(62.5%), compared to the high mark(above grade 3)seen in 1 case(2.1%), And after therapy, the lowest mark(grade 0)was seen in 5 cases(10.4%) where as the high mark(above grade 3)was seen in 29 cases(60.4%). In the case of the lower extremities before therapy, the mark(below grade 1)was 37 cases(77.1 %), while the high mark(above grade 3)was seen n 4 cases(8.4%). And after therapy the low mark(below grade 1)was seen in 5 cases (10.4 %) and the high mark (above grade 3)was seen in 29 cases(60.4 %). 9. Before therapy conigtive function-level evaluation utilized R.L.A.L, the low mark(below level 3)was seen in 9 cases(18.8%), while the high mark(above level 7)was seen in 18 cases(37.5%). And after therapy the low mark (below level 3)was 4 cases(8.3%) and high mark(above level 7)was seen in 38 cases(79%). 10. After rehabilitation therapy, patients who were able to walk independently were 29 persons(60.4%), among which 16 cases(55.2%) depended on cane. The ratio between the cases who were able to walk and unable to walk was 1.5:1.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.77-86
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• 2002

Surfactant enhanced in-situ soil flushing was performed to remediate the soil and groundwater at an oil contaminated site, where had been used as a military vehicle repair area for 40 years. A section from the contaminated site (4.5 m $\times$ 4.5 m $\times$ 6.0 m) was selected for the research, which was composed of heterogeneous sandy and silt-sandy soils with average $K_d$ of 2.0$\times$$10^{-4}$cm/sec. Two percent of sorbitan monooleate (POE 20) and 0.07% of iso-prophyl alcohol were mixed for the surfactant solution and 3 pore volumes of surfactant solution were injected to remove oil from the contaminated section. Four injection wells and two extraction wells were built in the section to flush surfactant solution. Water samples taken from extraction wells and the storage tank were analyzed on a gas-chromatography (GC) for TPH concentration in the effluent with different time. Five pore volumes of solution were extracted while TPH concentration in soil and groundwater at the section were below the Waste Water Discharge Limit (WWDL). The effluent TPH concentration from wells with only water flushing was below 10 ppm. However, the effluent concentration using surfactant solution flushing increased to 1751 ppm, which was more than 170 times compared with the concentration with only water flushing. Total 18.5 kg of oil (TPH) was removed from the soil and groundwater at the section. The concentration of heavy metals in the effluent solution also increased with the increase of TPH concentration, suggesting that the surfactant enhanced in-situ flushing be available to remove not only oil but heavy metals from contaminated sites. The removal efficiency of surfactant enhanced in-situ flushing was investigated at the real contaminated site in Korea. Results suggest that in-situ soil flushing could be a successful process to remediate contaminated sites distributed in Korea.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.21-39
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was to investigate the characteristics of the heart rate variability(HRV), types of insomnia and accompanying symptoms of 175 insomnia patients. Methods : For this study we carried out HRV, Inbody of 175 patients with insomnia who have come to Dongeui oriental hospital of Dongeui university from the period of Janaury 2008 to September 2010. We studied the association of the insomnia patients' age and gender with HRV, accompanying symptoms and the types of insomnia. The information of the accompanying symptoms and types of insomnia was based on each patients' progress note. Results : l. There was no significant differences in the characteristics of HRV between male and female. 2. The most frequent symptom shown among the insmonia patents' was headache(41.14%). 3. Comparing the symptoms between the gender, female patients had more dry mouth, alternative periodic chill and fever, and hot flush symptoms than the male patients. 4. Comparing the symptoms between the age groups(divided in two), the lower age group (20~59) had more dizziness and constipation symptoms than the higher age group (over 60). 5. Comparing the types of insomma between the age group, the higher age group (over 60) had more termination insomnia. 6. The types of insomnia of the entire insomnia patients were onset insomnia (73.1%), maintenance insomnia(20.6%), termination insomma(l7.1 %), shallow sleep (52.6%), listed by order of frequency. 7. The patients who takes hypnotics had more anorexia symptoms than the patients who doesn't take hypnotics. 8. There was no visible differences of the average fractal portrait between male and female. The age group of 20~30yrs. had the highest average fractal portrait, and the age group of 30~59yrs. the second highest, and the age group over 60yrs. the lowest. 9. The average of the regulation reserves of the autonomic nervous system(B2) - was lower than the regulation level of the ANS at the present (Bl). 10. When compared the priority of the function of the ANS, it showed that the proportion of HF($38.61{\pm}29.19%$)was the most, and than VLF($30.65{\pm}23.36%$), LF($20.04{\pm}19.13%$) the least. 11. The average of the compensation level of the central nervous system at present(Cl) - was lower than the compensation reserves of the CNS(C2). 12. The average of the control reserves of the cerebrum(D2) - was lower than the control level of the cerebrum at the present (Dl). 13. There was no visible differences between different sexes and ages in pulse rate. 14. The abdomen fat ratio above the line of the insomnia patients was 77.97% in male and 93.1% in female. Both sexes showed that insomnia patients had more abdomen fat that the standard, and female patients had more abd. fat than male patients. Conclusions : This study shows that the HRV of insomnia patients had no significant differences between gender. Fractal portrait, HF, LF and VLF of the insomnia patients are in inverse proportion to the age. The study of the Body Component Analysis showed that female had more abdomen fat than male, and both gender showed more abdomen fat than the standard. When looked into the accompanying symptoms of the insomnia patients, the symptoms show differences according to gender, age and hypnotics taking, as shown as below. In the entire patients, Headache was the most accompanying symptom. Female had more dry mouth, alternative periodic chill and fever, and hot flush symptoms than male. Higher age groups had more dizziness and constipation as accompanying symptoms than lower age groups. Patients who takes hypnotics had more anorexia than those who dont.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the performance of laying period of two-crossbred of Korean native chickens for producing laying hens. A total of four hundred eighty female 2-crossbred chicks that restored strains and were aboriginal at National Institute of Animal Science. There were four crossbreds (4 replications/crossbred, 30 birds/replication) as A) C strain ${\times}$ Y strain, B) C strain ${\times}$ L strain, C) C strain ${\times}$ G strain, and D) C strain ${\times}$ W strain, respectively. There were no significant difference on age at first egg among crossbreds (P>0.05). Egg weight and body weight of B crossbred at first egg was higher than other crossbreds (P<0.05). Body weight of B crossbred was the highest 20 to 72 weeks (P<0.05), and C and D crossbreds were lower compared to A and B crossbreds (P<0.05). Average feed intake of B crossbred was the highest among crossbreds (P<0.05), and that of A crossbred was higher compared to C and D crossbreds (P<0.05). Weekly feed intake of four crossbreds decreased from 50 weeks. Weekly egg weight of B crossbred was the highest and that of D crossbred was the lowest among crossbreds (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio of A and B crossbreds was lower than that of C and D crossbreds. Hen-house egg production of C crossbred was the highest among crossbreds until 26 weeks old (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference among crossbreds from at the age of 26 weeks (P>0.05). Hen-day egg production decreased after at the age of 38 weeks. Weekly egg production of A and B crossbreds was higher compared to C and D crossbreds at the age of 68~72 weeks (P<0.05). These results suggested the basic data on the record of laying period of 2-crossbreed Korean Native Chickens for producing laying hens.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.380-391
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• 2010

Purpose : Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the main pathogens causing lower respiratory infections (LRI) in young children, usually of limited severity. However, in congenital heart disease (CHD) patients, one of the high-risk groups for RSV infection, RSV can cause serious illnesses and fatal results. To elucidate the effects of RSV infection in CHD patients, we observed RSV infection cases among CHD patients and non-CHD patients. Methods : On admission of 343 LRI patients over 3 years, 77 cases of RSV infection were detected by the RSV antigen rapid test of nasopharyngeal secretion. We compared RSV infection cases among groups of CHD and non-CHD patients. Results : During the winter season, RSV caused 20-0% of LRI admissions in children. In patients with completely repaired simple left to right (L-R) shunt diseases such as ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus, RSV infections required short admission days similar to non-CHD patients. In patients with repaired CHD other than simple L-R shunt CHD, for whom some significant hemodynamic problems remained, RSV infection required long admission days with severe clinical course. In children with unrepaired CHD, RSV infection mostly occurred in early infant age, with long admission days. RSV infections within a month after cardiac surgery also required long admission days and severe clinical course. Conclusion : To avoid the tragedic outcome of severe RSV infection in the CHD patients, efforts to find the subgroups of CHD patients at high risk to RSV infection are needed, and effective preventive treatment should be applied.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.290-297
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• 1997

Background : Despite remarkable progress of understanding the pathophysiology and therapy of bronchial asthma, asthma morbidity and mortality are on the rise. Also hospitalization and attending rates of emergency department for asthma have been increasing gradually. We analyzed clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients who visited emergency room due to asthma attack in order to define clinical characteristics of these group of patients. Method : We reviewed 105 adult asthmatic patients who attended emergency department of Korea University Hospital between August 1995 and July 1996, retrospectively. Results : 103 patients(56 female, 47 males, mean age : 48.6 years) attended-68 self referral, 18 practitioner referral and 17 OPD transfer- and 86 patients(83.5%) were admitted. Attending emergncy department was clearly more frequent in December(13.6%) and May(12.6%). Time lag between onset of asthmatic attack and arrival at the hospital was $14.2{\pm}15.5$ hour and initial peak expiratory flow rate was $166.7{\pm}68.3L/min$.(43.3% predicted) The commonest cause for visiting emergency room was aggravation of asthma due to upper respiratory tract infection in mild asthmatics. About half of them had history of previous ER visits. Their prognosis was not bad, but after discharge, about half of patients escaped from OPD follow-up. Conclusion : As a group they merit detailed attention and follow up arrangement. Clinician need to monitor and review the treatment plans, the medications, the patient's management technique, and the level of asthma control. For this group, plans for longer term treatment, including asthma education program and adjustment of overall treatment plan should be made.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of fried fish paste prepared with different amounts of squeezed Aronia melanocarpa juice. Squeezed Aronia melanocarpa juice (AMJ) was incorporated into fish paste at different levels (containing 2, 7, and 12 g of Aronia melanocarpa juice in 2 AMJ, 7 AMJ, and 12 AMJ, respectively) based on the total weight of water. Sugar contents and total acidity increased with increasing AMJ content. With increasing amounts of AMJ in fried fish paste, L value inside and on the surface decreased, a value increased, and b value inside decreased, whereas b value on the surface increased. pH decreased with increasing levels of AMJ. As the result of textural properties, folding test in all samples showed that AA means good flexibility. The strength, hardness, and chewiness of fried fish paste with AMJ increased while cohesiveness was not significantly different. Total polyphenol contents increased with higher levels of AMJ. DPPH radical scavenging activity was significantly higher than those of the control. In the sensory evaluation, fried fish paste containing 7 AMJ received the highest score than both the control and other samples.