• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.190-195
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• 2005

The conditions for the extraction of effective substances from the stem of Opuntia ficus-indica were optimized by a response surface methodology. The total extract yield was maximized under the temperature of $97.77^{\circ}C$, at a time duration of 145.82 min and a water to sample ratio 16.59 mL/g. Moreover, the optimum conditions for the extraction of effective substances were as follows: $84.95^{\circ}C$, 156.50 min and a water/sample ratio of 7.46 mL/g for the phenolics content; and $97.11^{\circ}C$, 139.03 min and a water/sample ratio of 10.91 mL/g for the pectin content. The range of optimum extraction conditions in consideration of the physicochemical properties of the extracts were shown to be as $95-100^{\circ}C$ as the extraction temperature, 120-180 min as extraction time and a water to sample ratio of 5-18 mL/g.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.501-510
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• 2006

To investigate the effects of MLSS concentration and influent C/N ratio on the nitrogen removal efficiency of alternately intermittently aerated nonwoven fabric filter bioreactors, the MLSS concentrations of the reactors were maintained at approximately 5,500 mg/L, 10,000 mg/L and 15,000 mg/L, and the influent TCOD/TKN ratio was decreased gradually from 5 to 2 by adding $NH_4Cl$. The influent was prepared by diluting a food waste leachate to a TCOD concentration of about 300 mg/L. The results of the experiment showed F/M ratios less than 0.112 g TCOD/g MLSS-day, average TCOD removal efficiencies of above 95%, and an average observed microbial yield coefficient of 0.283 g MLSS/g COD removed. The nitrification efficiencies were computed to be always better than 96% except one case where the nitrification efficiency was 90.5% when the MLSS concentration and the influent TCOD/TKN ratio was 5,500 mg/L and 2, respectively. The denitrification efficiency deteriorated as the influent TCOD/TKN ratio decreased. The average denitrification efficiency at the MLSS concentration of 10,000 mg/L was 10.7% better than that at the MLSS concentration of 5,500 mg/L, and the denitrification rate improved at a rate of 2.66 mg NL as the MLSS concentration increased by 1,000 mg/L. When the MLSS concentration was 15,000 mg/L, however, the average denitrification efficiency was merely 4.6% higher compared to when the MLSS concentration was 5,500 mg/L, and the denitrification rate increased at a rate of 0.75 mg N/L per 1,000 mg/L MLSS increase. Therefore, no strict proportional relationship was found between MLSS concentration and endogenous denitrification rate. The average alkalinity consumption rate was 3.36 mg alkalinity/mg T-N removed, which is similar to the theoretical value of 3.57 mg alkalinity/mg T-N removed, but the rate increased as the influent TCOD/TKN ratio decreased.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.509-522
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• 1996

By studying the relationship between the morphology of mandibular symphysis and craniofacial morphology in classIII malocclusion, this study aims at deciding whether the morphogy of mandibular symphysis can be used as a predictor on the growth of mandible. The materials used for this study were the cephalometric radiographs of male class III malocclusion. The subjected age groups were 10-12(G1 group) and 20 and above(G2 group): 50 were selected from each group. Each group was again divided, according to the ratio of symphysis, into Large(L), Average(A), and Small(S). The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. In average the ratio of symphysis, G2 group showed significantly bigger than G1 group(p<0.05) 2. In both G1 and G2 groups, the ratio of symphysis had no relationship with the measurements on the cranial base and the maxilla(p>0.05). 3. In both G1 and G2 groups, there was not distinct difference in the antero-posterior positions among L, A, S subgroups. 4. L and A subgroups showed significantly larger than S subgroup in lower gonial angle and chin angle in G1 group (p<0.05). 5. In the measurements on the vortical relation of the face, anterior total face height(ATFH) and anterior lower face height(ALFH) of L subgroup were significantly larger than that of S subgroup in G1 group(p<0.05) and also mandible showed a tendency to grow downward vertically. 6. In the measurements on the tooth position and inclination, L subgroup showed as compared with S subgroup a tendency of extrusion of maxillary and mandibular teeth in G1 group, but G2 group showed such tendency only in mandibular teeth. 7. In the measurements on the abnormal growth prediction by Schulhof, in G1, there was no significant difference among L, A, S sugroups. 8. In the correlative analysis of the ratio of symphysis and other measurements, G1 group showed significant correlationships in chin angle, PP/MP angie, ANS-Me and other, while G2 group showed the same only in MP-LIT and MP-LMMC(p<0.05, p<0.01). In summarizing the above, in the G1 group, consisting of young males, no difference was noted in horizontal relation between L and S subgroups; in vertical relation, L subgroup showed a stronger tendency of downward growth of mandible than S subgroup. In adult male G2 group, however, no distinct morphological difference of craniofacial complex by the ratio of symphysis.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2008

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for monitor the yields of desirable substances from fig (Ficus carica L) under different extraction conditions. The maximum yield was 66.46% at 22.08 mL/g of solvent to sample ratio, $90.59^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature and 148.04 min extraction time. The maximum total phenolics was $121.31{\mu}g/mL$ at 17.87 mL/g, $98.82^{\circ}C$, and 130.80 min. The maximum electron donating ability was 54.09% at $121.31{\mu}g/mL$, 18.13 mL/g, and $98.81^{\circ}C$. The maximum value of protease activity was 54.51 unit/min at 17.45 mL/g, $99.01^{\circ}C$, and 131.43 min. In addition, the maximum value of reducing sugar content was 19.14 mg/mL in 22.66 mL/g, $86.30^{\circ}C$, and 153.59 min. The optimum conditions estimated by RSM for maximal extraction of the effective components were $17{\sim}25$ mL/g of solvent to sample ratio, $80{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ of extraction temperature, and $100{\sim}170$ min of extraction time.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1253-1260
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• 2017

Objective: Purpose was to determine the effects of grazing system and floor type on concentrations of blood metabolites, activity of creatine kinase, body weight and carcass characteristics of castrated Nguni goats. Methods: Forty eight, 7 month old goats were randomly allocated to herding and tethering treatments from 0800 to 1300 hours and accommodated on slatted and earth floors daily. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture every fifteenth day for metabolite analysis. Slaughter was done at a commercial abattoir following 5 months of monitoring. Results: Tethered goats had significantly higher concentrations of urea (5.19 mmol/L) (p<0.001), creatinine ($55.87{\mu}mol/L$) (p<0.05), total protein (64.60 g/L) (p<0.01), and globulin (49.79 g/L) (p<0.001), whereas herded goats had higher glucose (3.38 mmol/L) (p<0.001), albumin (15.33 g/L) (p<0.05), albumin/globulin ratio (0.34) (p<0.01), and body weight (24.87 kg) (p<0.001). Slatted floors caused higher (p<0.01) albumin at 15.37 g/L. The interaction of grazing system and floor type affected creatinine, total protein, globulin at (p<0.01) and albumen/globulin ratio at (p<0.01). The least creatinine concentration and albumin/globulin ratio was in herded and tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors, respectively. The highest total protein and globulin concentrations were in serum of tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors. The highest (p<0.05) dressing percentage (45.26%) was in herded goats accommodated on slatted floors. Conclusion: Herding of goats lowered globulin concentration, improved estimated feed intake, blood glucose and albumin concentrations, albumin globulin ratio, increased body weights and weight related carcass characteristics. Floor type had very little effects on metabolites where earth floors only reduced albumin concentration. Tethering and housing goats on earth floors resulted in double stress that increased chronic infections.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.325-334
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• 2003

Pinosylvin, a stilbenoid phytoalexin, is a health ingredient to be extracted from pine leaves. In this study, ultrasonication-assisted extraction process for manufacturing extracts with high content of pinosylvin from pine leaves was investigated. As process and system variables, ultrasonic power, sonication time and solvent ratio were selected. According to the experimental results, the effective yield of pinosylvin increased with the increase of ultrasonic power and sonication time and the decrease of solvent ratio. When the ultrasonic power of 2400 W/L was added to the solution of pulverized pine leaves of 8 g per 1 L of a solvent for 10 minutes, yield of extracts and purity, effective yield and concentration ratio of pinosylvin were 0.3166 g/g, 0.7247 mg/g, 0.2294 mg/g and 23.0, respectively.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.363-366
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• 2001

This study was to investigate the effects of media components on the mycelial growth of Lentinus eclodes, including C-source. N-source, Inorganic salts, and c/N ratio. Glucose and yeast extract were selected as C-source and N-source, respectively. $KH_2PO_4,\;K_2HPO_4,\;MGSO_4,\;7H_2O$ as inorganic salts were added. When glucose concentration was 30g/L and yeast extract concentration was 20g/L, indicating that C/N ratio was 1.5, the cell mass was about 9g/L.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.75-78
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• 2000

The present study was conducted for the data of toxicity and taste components of the pufferfish, Sphoeroides annulayus (bull's eye fuller), transported from Mexico. All other parts including muscle and skin were nontoxic ranging below $10\;{\mu/g$ except gonad, The amounts of IMP and ADP were $5.6\;{\mu}mol/g\;and\;2.7\;{\mu}mol/g$, and the ratio to the total ATP and its related compounds was $41.1{\%}$. The great portion of free amino acids in the muscle of the puffer was occupied by L-glycine, L-alanine, L-anserine, L-threonine and L-valine. Their amounts were $233.5 mg/100 g, 169.0 mg/100 g, 149.1 mg/100 g, 135.7 mg/100 g and 132.3 mg/100 g$. Their concentration ratio to total free amino acids were $14.28{\%},\;10.33{\%},\;9.12{\%},\;8.30{\%}\;and\;8.09{\%}$, respectively. The content was $50.12{\%}$ of the total free amino acids. In addition, the amounts of taurine and L-histidine were 119.3mg/100 g and 14,7 mg/100 g.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1835-1842
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• 2014

The goal of this study was to evaluate micro-bubble concentration ($C_{air}$) in water by air/water ratio (A/W ratio) with a micro-bubble generating pump. The estimation of micro-bubble concentration is based on the balance of inlet/outlet air and water flow rate. On net A/W ratio to be generated micro-bubble, we found that the obtained the $C_{air}$ are shown as a function of discharge pressure ($P_g$) of the micro-bubble generating pump. The correlation of the $C_{air}$ and the $P_g$ ($C_{air}=3.261P_g-1.754$) was adequately described by the least square methods with a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.9459) and calculated values fit the experimental data quite well. The $C_{air}$ was lower than theoretical dissolved air concentration ($C_{aq}$) calculated by Henry's law. The $C_{air}$ for being operated the micro-bubble generating pump was 6.75 - 39.53 mL/L, however, we found that the optimum of the $C_{air}$ to generate micro-bubble was the range from 10 to 12 mL/L.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2002

This study was investigated the effects of exercise and supplementation of L-carnitine and antioxidants on hepatic mitochondrial function, especially oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Isolated hepatic mitochondria from 4 rat groups were functionally tested by an analysis of respiration and the coupling of this process to ATP synthesis in the presence of ADP. Four groups were non-trained, non-supplemented group (NTNS), non-trained, supplemented group (NTS), long term-trained, non-supplemented group (LTNS) , and long term-trained, supplemented group (LTS). The trained rats run on a treadmill (grade 10°,20 m/min) for 60min/day for 8 weeks. The supplemented rats were treated with L-carnitine (0.5% diet), vitamin E(0.5mg/g BW), vitamin C (0.5mg/g BW) and melatonin (1 $\mu$ g/g BW) for 8 weeks. There were exercise effects on improving mitochondrial OXPHOS. Within non-supplemented groups, exercised rats resulted in a significant decrease in state 4 oxygen consumption, which increased the respiratory control (RC) ratio and ADP : O (P/O) ratio. There were supplementation effects on improving mitochondrial OXPHOS, too. Within non-exercised rats, supplemented rats resulted in a significant decrease in state 4 oxygon consumption. which increased the RC ratio and P/O ratio. There were additive effects of exercise and supplementation on OXPHOS. Within supplemented rats, exercise resulted in an increase in RC ratio. Significant effects of exercise-supplement interaction on improving OXPHOS were identified. It suggests that exercise and supplementation of L-carnitine and antioxidants might improve more efficiently the impaired OXPHOS efficiency in mitochondrial dysfunction that recognized as is an important cause of degenerative diseases. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 187∼194, 2002)