• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2019

Cadmium is a strong toxic heavy metal which presents in paints and liquid wastes and causes oxidative stress in fish. On the other hand, lead is widely used for different purposes, e.g. lead pipes, it targets vital organs such as liver and kidney causing biochemical alterations. The present study evaluates the effects of 60 days exposure to Cd and Pb either single or combined together in African catfish. Sixty-four fishes were divided into 3 groups and exposed to $CdCl_2$ (7.02 mg/L) or $PbCl_2$ (69.3 mg/L) or a combination of them along with control group. Activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were estimated. Moreover, gill, liver and kidney were assayed for activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Individual exposure showed that both Cd and Pb significantly decreased LDH activity and SOD activity in the kidney. Pb significantly increased G-6-PDH activity and decreased GSH level in the gill. CAT activity in liver and kidney elevated significantly on Cd exposure while lead caused a significant depletion in the liver and significant elevation in the kidney. Both Cd and Pb significantly increased MDA levels in liver and kidney while Pb increased its level in gills. The combined exposure resulted in normalization of LDH, G-6-PDH activity, and CAT activity in liver and kidney as well as GSH level in both tissues and MDA in gill and kidney. The combination increased SOD activity and MDA level in liver and decreased SOD activity in kidney and GSH level in gills. In conclusion, the antioxidant system of African catfish was adversely affected by prolonged exposure to Cd and Pb. The combined exposure caused less damage than individual exposure and returned most parameters to those of controls.

• Infection and chemotherapy
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.350-356
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• 2018

In acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is one of the most difficult IRIS types to manage. We report an unusual case of MAC-associated IRIS. At first the patient was diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection after he was admitted with pneumocystis pneumonia. After starting antiretroviral therapy he presented unmasked IRIS with MAC infection. Next, he was hospitalized with continuous loose stools and new-onset fever. Investigation included computed tomography (CT), which showed homogeneous enhancement and enlargement of the lymph nodes (LN), elevation of ferritin (>1,650 ng/mL) and lactate dehydrogenase (306 IU/L) levels, and F- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) scan, which showed increased FDG uptake. These findings were highly indicative of lymphoma. We performed laparoscopic biopsy of the mesenteric LN, and the biopsy culture grew MAC. So we made a diagnosis of MAC-associated. Therefore, IRIS must be considered as a possible diagnosis when AIDS patients develop new symptoms or exhibit exacerbations of existing symptoms. Furthermore the biopsies should be conducted.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제84권2호
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• pp.115-124
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed to determine the parameters for worsening oxygenation in non-severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included cases of confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia in a public hospital in South Korea. The worsening oxygenation group was defined as that with SpO₂ ≤94% or received oxygen or mechanical ventilation (MV) throughout the clinical course versus the non-worsening oxygenation group that did not experience any respiratory event. Parameters were compared, and the extent of viral pneumonia from an initial chest computed tomography (CT) was calculated using artificial intelligence (AI) and measured visually by a radiologist. Results: We included 136 patients, with 32 (23.5%) patients in the worsening oxygenation group; of whom, two needed MV and one died. Initial vital signs and duration of symptoms showed no difference between the two groups; however, univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a variety of parameters on admission were associated with an increased risk of a desaturation event. A subset of patients was studied to eliminate potential bias, that ferritin ≥280 ㎍/L (p=0.029), lactate dehydrogenase ≥240 U/L (p=0.029), pneumonia volume (p=0.021), and extent (p=0.030) by AI, and visual severity scores (p=0.042) were the predictive parameters for worsening oxygenation in a sex-, age-, and comorbid illness-matched case-control study using propensity score (n=52). Conclusion: Our study suggests that initial CT evaluated by AI or visual severity scoring as well as serum markers of inflammation on admission are significantly associated with worsening oxygenation in this COVID-19 pneumonia cohort.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2021

Excessive accumulation of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Paeonia lactiflora (PL) has been used in treatments of several conditions such as inflammation, arthritis, and cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect and mechanisms of PL and its active compound, paeoniflorin (PF), on Aβ_25-35-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. We evaluated cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, underlying mechanism of PL and PF on the regulation of amyloidogenic pathway was analyzed by Western blotting. In our results, Aβ_25-35-induced neuronal cell loss was observed, whereas treatment with PL (10, 50, and 100 ㎍/mL) and PF (1, 5, and 10 ㎍/mL) significantly elevated the cell viability, and decreased LDH release and ROS production. In addition, exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to Aβ_25-35 significantly increased the protein levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP)-C-terminal fragment β, β-site APP-cleaving enzyme, and presenilin-1 and -2. However, treatment with PL and PF inhibited the amyloidogenic pathway via the down-regulation of those protein expressions. Taken together, our results indicate that PL, and its active compound PF, could protect SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ_25-35-induced cell neurotoxicity by attenuating LDH release and ROS production, and these effects may be attributed to regulation of amyloidogenic pathway-related protein expression. In conclusion, PL and PF could be a potential to prevent neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.156-163
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• 2022

Loss of leg muscle and muscle weakness, which are caused by aging, affect muscle function and sense of balance. As a way of preventing seniors from falling, we developed the idea of wearing functional supporters based on graduated compression technique and in the form of a taping supporter. Their impact on power, sense of balance, overcoming fatigue, and subjective wearing sensation was investigated. The following results were obtained. After wearing functional compression supporters, body temperature increased from 24.5 ± 0.5℃ to 26.3 ± 0.6℃. Calf size, which assesses the level of edema, decreased from 26.1 ± 1.8cm to 25.7 ± 1.8cm. The result of dynamic balance test, which helps estimate the fall prevention effect, increased from 6.4 ± 0.9sec to 7.1 ± 0.6sec. Lactate level, which indicates the level of fatigue, decreased from 8.1 ± 0.6mmol/L to 7.3 ± 0.8mmol/L. Standing long jump record, which assesses power, increased from 110.1 ± 3.1cm to 112.0 ± 2.8cm. Standing on one leg with eyes closed, which assesses sense of balance, increased from 4.2 ± 1.1sec to 6.5 ± 0.8sec. Ankle angle, which assesses joint stability, increased from 75.3 ± 4.0° to 80.1 ± 1.7°. In metabolism and physical performance testing, which assesses keep, the score increased from 26.3 ± 1.7 to 28.8 ± 1.2. Muscle supporting score, which assesses joint stability, increased from 7.3 ± 0.6 to 7.8 ± 0.4. In the category of body type, which assesses wearing sensation and body shaping function, the score increased from 5.7 ± 1.4 to 6.4 ± 1.2

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2007

본 연구는 인간 난관액 또는 자궁액 내에 존재하는 에너지원이 생쥐 2-세포기 배의 체외 발달에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. ICR 암 생쥐에 5 IU hCG 주사 후 $46{\sim}50$ 시간에 2-세포기 배를 회수하였다. 회수된 배는 3가지 배양 조건 [대조군: 0 mM Group A: glucose(G) 0.5 mM + pyruvate(P) 0.32 mM + lactate(L) 10.5 mM, Group B: G 3.15 mM + P 0.1 mM + L 5.83 mM]에서 72시간 배양하였다. 배양 24 시간에 상실배 출현율은 group A (72.3%)와 group B (56.6%)가 대조군(34.9%)보다 유의하게 높았다.(p<0.05). 그러나 48시간에 배반포기 배 출현율은 대조군(51.8%)이 group A (39.8%)와 group B (25.9%)보다 유의하게 (p<0.05) 높았다. 72시간에 투명대 부착 ($ZiB,\;41.0{\sim}51.8%$), 투명대 탈출 ($ZeB,\;18.1{\sim}32.5%$) 및 총 배반포기 배 출현율 ($68.7{\sim}73.5%$)은 실험군 간에 통계적인 차이가 없었다. 배반포기 배의 평균 세포수와 ICM 세포수는 group A (70.8, 13.4)와 group B (64.4, 11.8)가 대조군 (53.1, 5.7)보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 많았고, 통계적인 유의차는 없었으나 group A가 group B보다 많은 경향이었다. 총 세포수에 대한 ICM 비율은 group A(22.9%)와 group B(23.7%)가 대조군(14.2%)보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 높았다. 영양배엽(TE) 세포수($34.1{\sim}45.1$)는 실험군 간에 통계적인 차이가 없었다. ICM에 대한 TE 비율(ICM:TE ratio)은 대조군(1:6.0)이 group A(1:3.4)나 group B(1:3.4)보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 높았다. 생쥐 2-세포기 배를 배양하여 72시간까지의 배 발달율을 살펴보면 배양액에 에너지원을 첨가하는 것이 효과적이었으며, 자궁액 농도보다는 난관액 농도로 에너지원을 조절했을 때 배 발생 능력이 높은 경향을 보였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2010

White-skinned sweet potato (WSP, Ipomoea batatas L.)는 일본, 인도네시아 등에서 당뇨병과 그 치료에 민간에서 사용되고 있다. 본 실험에서는 WSP의 메탄올 추출물을 체중 1 kg 당 Dose 100, 200 mg을 투여하여 streptozotocin으로 유발된 당뇨쥐에서 손상된 신장 보호효과를 평가하였고 그 효능을 인슐린 분비촉진제인 glimepiride (45 mg/kg 체중)와 비교해 보았다. WSP 메탄올 추출물과 glimepiride를 2주 투여 한 후 혈당, 혈중 요소성 질소(BUN), 크레아티닌, 젖산 탈수소효소(LDH), 지질 과산화물(LPO) 함량, 그리고 항산화효소들인 superoxide dismutase (SOD), 카탈라아제(CAT), 글루타치온 과산화물 분해효소(GPx), 글루타치온 S-전이효소(GST) 등의 활성도를 측정하였다. BUN, 크레아티닌, LDH, 혈당, LPO 함량 등은 대조군에 비하여 그 값이 증가하였고, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST 값은 감소하였다. WSP 메탄올 추출물(200 mg/kg)을 투여한 후 측정한 값은 혈당, LPO, 신장병 표지인자인 BUN, 크레아티닌, LDH, 그리고 지질 과산화물 함량에서 의미있는 개선효과를 볼 수 있었고 항산화효소, 항산화물질의 증가도 나타났다. 따라서 WSP 메탄올 추출물은 당뇨쥐의 혈당을 낮추며 산화적 스트레스를 약화시키고 당뇨로 유발된 신장 손상을 보호해 주는 효과가 있다는 결과를 얻었다. 또한 민간에서 사용하고 있는 WSP가 실제로 당뇨 치료에 효과가 있음을 과학적 증거로 제공해 주었다고 판단된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2015

Phenyllactic acid (PLA) which is known as antimicrobial compound can be synthesized through the reduction of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB producing PLA was isolated from Korea Kimchi and identified to Lactobacillus plantarum SJ21 by 16 rRNA gene sequence analysis. Cell-free supernatant (CFS) from L. plantarum SJ21 was assessed for both the capability to produce the antimicrobial compound PLA and the antifungal activity against four fungal pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus oryzae, Botrytis cinerea, and Collectotricum aculatum). PLA concentration was investigated to be 3.23mM in CFS when L. plantarum SJ21 was grown in MRS broth containing 5mM PPA for 16 h. PLA production also could be promoted by the supplement of PPA and phenylalanine in MRS broth, but inhibited by the supplement of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and tyrosine as precursors. Antifungal activity demonstrated that all fungal pathogens were sensitive to 5% CFS (v/v) of L. plantarum SJ21 with average growth inhibitions ranging from 27.32% to 69.05% (p<0.005), in which R. solani was the most sensitive to 69.05% and followed by B. cinerea, C. aculatum, and A. oryzae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for commercial PLA was also investigated to show the same trend in the range from $0.35mg\;mL^{-1}$ (2.11 mM) to $0.7mg\;mL^{-1}$ (4.21 mM) at pH 4.0. The inhibition ability of CFS against the pathogens was not affected by heating or protease treatment. However, pH modification in CFS to 6.5 caused an extreme reduction in their antifungal activity. These results may indicate that antifungal activities in CFS were caused by acidic compounds like PLA or organic acids rather than proteins or peptides molecules.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.442-451
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• 2002

브롬(Br-)이온을 포함하는 지표수 또는 해수를 상수원 또는 어류양식용 물로 사용할 경우 소독, 살균을 위하여 오존(O$_3$)을 많이 사용한다. 이때 물속에 포함되어 있는 브름(Br-) 이온과 오존과의 반응에 의하여 독성물질인 Bromate(BrO$_3$-)가 산화 부산물로서 생성된다. 이 bromate의 생성반응에 대한 용액의 pH와 반응온도의 영향 및 bromate를 음용수중에 함유시키고 실험동물에 섭취시켰을 때의 생체독성에 미치는 기전을 관찰하였다. Bromate의 생성은 반응온도가 증가할수록 증가되지만, 낮은온도(15$^{\circ}C$)에서는 용액의 초기 pH가 3 인 경우는 초기 pH가 7, 10 인 용액의 경우보다 훨씬 적은 생성량을 나타내었다. Bromate를 음료수중에 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4g/L로하여 4, 12, 16, 20, 24주 투여하고서 신조직중의 지질과산화의 함량이 증가되었으며, 혈중 뇨소질소의 활성 및 뇨중 ${\gamma}$-glutamy-ltransferase의 활성은 대조군에 비하여 bromate의 투여로 현저히 증가되었으며, 뇨중 lactate dehydrogenase의 활성에는 별다른 영향이 없었다. Bromate의 투여로 xanthine oxidase 및 aldehyde oxidase의 활성은 bromate의 투여로 현저히 증가되었으며 glutathione의 농도 및 glutathione S-transferase의 활성도 대조군 보다 현저히 억제되었다. Glutathione의 생성계에 미치는 ${\gamma}$-giutarnylcystein synthetase의 활성은 대조군에 비해 bromate의 투여로 억제되었으며 glutathione redurtase의 활성은 별다른 영향이 없었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 잉여 농산물인 오이를 이용하여 제조한 식초음료의 항피로 효과를 검증하기 위하여 고강도 운동을 실시한 흰쥐에 오이식초음료를 매일 섭취시켜 지구력, 혈청 피로물질, 간과 근육 조직 내 글리코겐 함량, 근육 내 LDH 및 CK 등의 변화를 살펴보았다. 실험동물은 4주령의 수컷 SD계 흰쥐 15마리를 1주간 고형식이로 적응시킨 후 난괴법에 의하여 비운동군(SC), 운동군(EC), 오이식초 섭취군(CV)으로 나누었다(n=5). CV는 사람의 하루 섭취량을 기준으로 체중 kg당 7 mL씩 매일 일정시각에 경구투여 하였고 나머지 그룹은 동량의 증류수를 투여하였다. EC와 CV는 매일 일정한 시각에 트레드밀을 이용하여 분당 15 m로 20분, 분당 20 m로 30분, 분당 25 m로 60분씩 운동을 일주일에 5회 실시하였다. 식이섭취량과 식이효율에서는 그룹 간의 별다른 차이가 나타나지 않았으며 CV군의 신장 무게가 SC군보다 낮았다. 지구력 측정에서 CV가 EC보다 55.96% 더 높은 지구력을 가진 것으로 측정되었고 혈청 피로물질은 CV가 EC보다 현저히 낮은 경향을 보였다. 간과 근육의 글리코겐 함량은 CV가 다른 두 군보다 높은 수치를 나타내어 오이식초음료의 섭취에 따라 간과 근육에서의 글리코겐 재합성이 증가된 것을 확인하였으며 근조직의 LDH와 CK 측정 결과 CV와 EC를 비교하였을 때 CV에서 증가된 수치를 보였다. 이와 같이 고강도 운동으로 훈련을 실시한 흰쥐는 오이식초음료의 섭취에 의해 지구력 증진과 혈중피로물질의 감소, 간과 근육에서의 글리코겐 재합성, ATP 수치의 유지 및 젖산 대사 촉진과 같은 항피로 효과를 나타내었으므로 본 연구의 결과가 오이식초를 이용한 스포츠드링크 개발에 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.