• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine dietary frequencies among Korean American adolescents in California, including the correlation of acculturation and parental dietary Consumption. This study was drawn from cross-sectional telephone surveys based on data from a larger study of Korean Americans in California using random sampling of residential phone listings. A total of 494 Korean American adolescents, ages 12 through 17, in California were collected with dietary frequencies and acculturation and one parents' demographic and dietary consumption information. Three-quarters of adolescents were classified as 'more acculturated group' into the U.S. society with a lower preference to Korean foods, frequent snacking, and lower consumptions of rice and kimchi. Other quarter of adolescents was classified as 'less acculturated group'. However, the most frequent food items by both groups were rice and kimchi. Fruit and vegetable consumption was associated between adolescents and parents in both groups, but rice and kimchi were associated only among the more-acculturated group. In conclusion, dietary frequencies of Korean American adolescents were influenced by acculturation and parental dietary consumption. These findings should inform future epidemiological researches as well as efforts to enhance the diet of Koreans and other immigrants.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2007

The primary purpose of this study was to explore the parent and peer attachment of both American parenting and nonparenting adolescents. Do parenting adolescents differ from nonparenting adolescents in their attachment to their parents and peers? A convenience sample of 190(81 parenting and 109 nonparenting) adolescents were recruited and participated in the current study. The short form of The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment(IPPA) developed by Armsden and Greenberg(1987) was used to measure attachment to their parents and peers. Overall, both parenting and nonparenting adolescents had more positive relationships with their peers than their mothers and only one significant difference in attachment between parenting and nonparenting adolescents were found in the present study. Parenting adolescents reported having less communication with their peers/friends than nonparenting adolescents. Implications and recommendations for future research are presented.

• 아동학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.321-335
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate parental amounts of Internet use for purpose of rearing 2) to investigate their environment and preparation level to use Internet as educational information source 3) to investigate whether there are differences between Korean and U.S. parents in environment, level of preparation, and amounts of use of Internet for purposes of child rearing 4) to find out the factors of use of Internet for purposes of child rearing. The questionnaire used in this survey included five sections : background, environment, preparation, amount of total Internet use, and amount of Internet use for purposes of child rearing. Participants were 282 parents (128 American; 154 Korean) with at least one 3~ to 7-year-old child. Findings revealed that parents used the Internet frequently, but they did not frequently use the Internet for purposes of child rearing. There were differences between Korean and U.S. parents in environment, level of preparation, and amount of Internet use for purposes of child rearing. The main factor that affected use of the Internet for purposes of child rearing was 'trustworthiness of Internet information'. Finally, it was suggested the implications for better Internet use for purpose of rearing from the findings.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2015

Unlike daily hassles or minor stressors, immigration is an intense life event that may cause excessive stress. In particular, immigrant parents find themselves in a more stressful situation in that they experience stresses caused by immigration and stresses caused by parenting at the same time. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate an Immigrant Parental Stress Inventory (IPSI), that objectively and comprehensively assesses the stress experienced by immigrant parents within the Korean context. Based on the Immigrant Parental Stress Inventory developed within the American context, preliminary items were refined through a literature review and the discussions of experts and immigrant parents and were empirically validated with a sample of 203 immigrant parents residing in Korea. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, six main factors were identified (Factor1 Difficulties in communication, Factor2 Financial difficulties, Factor3 Difficulties in social adjustment, Factor4 Social discrimination, Factor5 Lack of social resources, Factor6 Difficulties in parenting). The IPSI was shown to be a psychometrically sound instrument that is capable of measuring immigrant parental stress within the Korean context. Social service professionals and researchers studying or working with immigrant families could use the IPSI to examine immigrant parental stress.

• 영어영문학
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.881-901
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• 2012

Since 2006, heated debates have taken place on both sides of the Pacific over the historical accuracy of Yoko Kawashima Watkins's So Far from the Bamboo Grove, the "historical novel" that depicts the author's painful escape from the just-liberated Korean peninsula to Japan. This study re-visits the controversies that fired up not only the whole Korean society but also not a few Americans and the American press. However, unlike most previous Korean studies on this novel, this study mostly focuses on both the responses of Korean feminists and those of Americans and the American press to the issue. This paper argues that the Korean feminists, who criticized their male compatriots for their feverish reaction, have the same problem as their compatriots, that is, the problem of seeing through a binary perspective that drowns or blurs individual differences. A similar framework is found operating in the Boston Globe's articles on the same issue. This study proceeds to discuss the pitfalls of liberalism underlying the American parents' and the American civil organizations' defence of Watkins and analyzes their poor historical awareness. The conclusion of this study is that So Far from the Bamboo Grove, dictated by an ideological prolepsis, erroneously inscribes the Cold War in the geographical space of the pre-Cold-War Korean peninsula and, as a result, symptomatically participates in the United States' anti-Communist world view.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.139-178
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• 2003

이 연구에서는 최근 한국 사회에서 현저하게 나타나고 있는 반미감정에 대한 이해를 목적으로, 중학생과 대학생 및 성인들의 미국에 대한 사회적 표상을 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위한 연구내용은 두 가지로 정리된다. 첫째, 한국 사람들의 미국에 대한 인식을 파악하고자 하였다. 여기에서 미국에 대한 인식이란, 미국 자체에 대한 인식과 미국의 영향에 대한 인식이라는 두 가지 측면을 의미한다. 미국 자체에 대한 인식은, 미국 사회에 대한 인식, 미국 사람에 대한 인식, 및 미국에 대한 신뢰의식을 포함하였다. 미국의 영향에 대한 인식은, 한국 사회에 대한 영향, 한국의 남북관계와 통일에 대한 영향, 및 세계에 대한 영향에 대한 인식을 포함하였다. 두번째로는, 중학생 대학생 성인 세대 집단별, 정치만족도수준 집단별, 미국에 대한 지식정도 집단별로, 미국에 대한 인식에서 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 분석하였다. 최종분석대상은 763명이었으며(중학생-171명, 대학생-250명, 성인-342명), 성인은 중학생의 부와 모로 구성되었다. 분석결과, 한국 사람들의 미국에 대한 인식은 부정적이었으며, 반미감정과 관련된 사회적 표상의 내용들이 확인되었다. 미국 사회에 대해 상업주의적이고 배타적 우월주의라고 부정적인 인식을 하는 정도가 높은 반면, 민주시민사회라는 긍정적인 인식의 정도는 낮았다. 미국 사람에 대해서도 이기적이라고 부정적으로 인식하는 정도는 높은 반면, 선진국민이라는 긍정적인 인식은 적게 하였다. 미국에 대한 신뢰는 매우 낮았는데, 미국 사람 뿐만 아니라 미국 기관에 대해서도 마찬가지였다. 한국 사회에 대한 미국의 영향에 대해, 종속관계가 되었다고 부정적으로 인식하는 정도는 높았으나, 발전에 도움이 되었다는 긍정적인 인식은 낮았다. 한국의 남북관계와 통일에 대한 미국의 영향으로는, 오히려 방해가 된다는 부정적인 견해가 많았다. 세계에 대한 미국의 영향으로는, 초강대국으로 제국주의적이며 문화적으로 지배한다는 부정적인 인식이 많았고, 정의를 수호한다는 긍정적인 인식은 낮았다. 2) 세대집단별로 미국에 대한 인식에서 매우 의미있는 차이가 있었는데, 어릴수록 미국에 대해 부정적이었다. 즉 중학생이 미국에 대해 가장 부정적이고, 성인이 가장 긍정적인 경향이 있었다. 또한 한국의 정치에 대한 만족도가 낮을수록, 미국에 대한 지식이 적을수록, 미국에 대해 부정적인 인식을 갖고 있었다.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2006

This study is to compare the prevalence of obesity between Korean-American children and Korean children, and to investigate the role of environmental factors in obesity development. Prevalence of child obesity is compared by their residence, parents' anthropometric data, education and occupation, and the length of immigration, and birth place of the children. A total of 593 children between the ages of 9 and 12 were examined. 262 Korean-American children (KcUS group) from New Jersey, USA and 331 Korean children (KcK group) from Seoul, Korea were compared. KcUS group showed a higher obesity rate (male: 12.6% and female: 8.2%), compared to KcK group (male: 8.0% and female: 5.1 %). KcK male children showed lower weight and prevalence of obesity than Korean-American male children who lived in the United States for more than three years. Korean-American female children had higher weight and obesity rate than Korean female children. Waist circumference and hip circumference were also higher in obese children in both KcK and KcUS groups. The children who live in America had an odds ratio of 1.69 to be obese compared to KcK, while those born in America and those who have lived in America for more than 3 years had odds ratios of 1.53 and 1.25 to be obese, respectively. This study found that environmental factors, immigration to America for instance, could playa bigger role in child obese development than the genetic factor.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.89-103
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• 2012

Using a life course framework, we compare and contrast the processes of acculturation for first- and second-generation Korean immigrant fathers in the United States. In-depth life history interviews were conducted with 20 first-generation and 15 second-generation fathers in the Midwest. With a modified grounded theory approach of constant comparison, we first explored how these fathers developed their identities in the midst of cultural and social transitions. These men's identity construction was shaped by socio-economic statuses and accessibility to cultural resources, with a marked shift over time toward integration of Korean and American identities. We then examined how these identities informed the men's socialization of their children, and the children's socialization of their parents.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1115-1124
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• 2008

Although parent-child relationships are fundamental aspects of human development across all societies, this relationship is also shaped in significant ways by culture. Therefore, the present study sought to determine whether adolescent autonomy was predicted in a similar or differential manner by several parent-adolescent variables consisting of parenting behavior, parental authority, and parents' educational attainment in samples of Chinese and American adolescents. The sample for this study included 418 Chinese adolescents and 226 American adolescents. Utilizing structural equation modeling, the results revealed that the effect of paternal authority on adolescent autonomy development is indirect, with the indirect effect being mediated by the authoritative parenting behaviors for both cultural groups. Therefore, the analyses for Chinese and European American youth generated similar association patterns, such that parenting behaviors served as a mediator in the relationship between paternal authority and adolescents' autonomy development. The significance of this present study is to contribute to existing knowledge in the field of adolescent development and to the literature on how parental behaviors and authority in collectivistic societies and individualist societies influence adolescent development.

• 아동학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.29-59
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• 1988

Empathy was defined in this study as the vicarious affective response of a person to the perceived experience of another. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between empathic development of children and intimacy with parents, socio-economic status, and children's empathic response to specific affective situations happy, sad, angry and fearful. The subjects for this study were 8-, 10-, and 12-year-old children attending an elementary school located in Seoul. Among the subjects, 158 boys and 149 girls lived with their parents, and 20 boys and 35 girls were reared in orphanges. They were from a residential area with higher, middle, and lower class families. The instruments consisted of two modified empathy measures and two questionnaires developed by the researcher. One of the empathy measures was based on Feshbach & Roe's affective situation test for empathy. In order to determine the eight themes, 20 children were interviewed individually about situations that made them "happy, sad, angry, and afraid". From the pool of responses, eight themes representing happy, sad, angry and fearful situations were selected. Each story consisted of a series of three pictures accompanying narration. Another modified empathy measure was developed by the researcher based upon Bryant's empathy scale. This measure consisted of 17 statements describing happy, sad, angry and fearful situations. The items in this scale were selected from a pilot study. The two questionnaires developed by the researcher were to test children's intimacy for their parents and feminity. The data was analyzed with T-test and F-test. Children's intimacy with their parents, particularly, son's intimacy with their mothers, was a significant variable in empathic development. Children living with their parents had higher scores on Feshbach & Roe's Empathy Test than those brought up in orphanages. In general, the older the children the higher the empathy score. Girls were more empathic than boys on Bryant's scale. The subjects showed their highest empathy score in the sad, and the lowest in the fearful situation. The older the children the higher the empathy score in the sad and angry situations. These results reflected children's life experiences and cultural differences. Particularly, mother-son intimacy found in this study contrasts with the mother-daughter intimacy found in American studies.