• 한국균학회지
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• 제26권4호통권87호
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• pp.478-486
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• 1998

The isolates of Rhizopus collected from Korean traditional fermented food meju and nuruk, were compared with the well known species of Rhizopus donated. The isolates of Rhizopus were identified with the numerical analyses calculated from RAPD-DNA bands, and confirmed with the microscopic observations of morphological features on PDA. The isolates of R. oryzae purchased were segregated through the results of RAPD or the morphological features. The species of R. nigricans, known as an illegitimate species, were different from those of R. stolonife and it is estimated that they are species of Rhizopus, again. According to microscopic observations and the result of RAPD, Some isolates of R. oryzae purchased belong to R. nigricans and are completely different from R. oryzae in their growth. The isolates of R. nigricans included with several isolates of R. oryzae identified for the different phenotypes and were heterogenous. The isolate of R. oligosporus were speculated to be different from morphological features of Rhizopus, but to be similar to the species of Absidia on the apophysis of sporangium. Its sporangiophore or mycelium was observed to be dark black, but the sporangia were not in those of R. oligosporus. The isolates collected from Korean traditional nuruk showed genetic diversity, and also considered to be different tastes in Korean rice wines.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1423-1429
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• 2009

Rhizopus oryzae KSD-815 was isolated from nuruk that has been used to make Korean traditional wines. This study was performed to investigate the effect of cultures of R. oryzae KSD-815 on cardiovascular disorders and cancer metastasis. Firstly, these cultures were sequentially fractionationed with n-hexane (TAHe), ethylacetate (TAE), n-butanol (TAB), and $H_2O$ (TAW). The TAE inhibited the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and TAB suppressed platelet aggregation in vitro. TAE and TAB inhibited cell motility of human breast cancer cells. Furthermore, TAW interrupted the formation of neovasculature and tube-like structure, and down-regulated the expression of angiogenic factors, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), and hypoxia-inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$) in breast cancer cells. These results indicated that cultures of R. oryzae KSD-815 display the inhibitory activities on hypertension, platelet aggregation, and metastasis, and suggest that these cultures might be further probed for the purposes as therapeutic agents or dietary supplements.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.348-363
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• 2017

We analyzed the mixed culture characteristics of isolated brewing fungi obtained from Korean traditional nuruk for their development as fermentation starters. In a previous study, we selected appropriate fungi strains based on their large fungi bodies and strong enzyme activities. These fungi strains were mixed cultured under various combination of ratios, pHs and temperatures. As a result, total acidities of R. delemar mixed culture media were higher than those of A. oryzae cultured at $20^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$. The pHs of A. luchuensis 34-1 and A. oryzae 37-7 as well as R. delemar 58-8 and A. oryzae 37-7 mixed culture media gradually increased with the culture period. On the contrary, total acidities of the mixed culture media gradually decreased. ${\alpha}-Amylase$ activities of R. delemar 26-4 and R. oryzae 82-7 mixed culture media were strong at $20^{\circ}C$ and pH 4, glucoamylase activities of R. delemar 58-8 and A. oryzae 37-7 were strong at $37^{\circ}C$, pH 3 and 1:2 ratio, and acidic protease activities of R. delemar 26-4 and A. oryzae 78-5 were strong at $20^{\circ}C$, pH 4 and 1:4 ratio. This study provides the optimal mixed culture conditions for fermentation starters based on changes in pH and total acidity, favorable enzyme activities, and fungi varieties.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.877-884
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• 2022

Probiotics are microorganisms that can benefit host health when ingested in a live state, and lactic acid bacteria are the most common type. Among fungi, Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) is the only strain known to have a probiotic function with beneficial effects on colitis; however, information on other probiotic yeast strains is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to discover yeast strains expressing intestinal anti-inflammatory activities by exhibiting probiotic properties in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice model. Nuruk (Korean traditional fermentation starter) containing various microbial strains was used as a source for yeast strains, and S. cerevisiae 28-7 (SC28-7) strain was selected with in vitro and in vivo characteristics to enable survival in the intestines. After 14 days of pretreatment with the yeast strains, DSS was co-administered for six days to induce colitis in mice. The results revealed that the disease activity index score was lowered by SC28-7 treatment compared to the DSS group, and the colon length and weight/length ratio were recovered in a pattern similar to that of the normal group. SC28-7 administration significantly reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum and modified the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, transforming growth factor-β, and interferon-γ) and proteins involved in gut barrier functions (mucin 2, mucin 3, zonula occludens-1, and occludin) in colon tissues. These results indicate that SC28-7 attenuates DSS-induced colon damage and inflammation, supporting its future use as a probiotic yeast for treating and preventing intestinal inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2007

전통주의 다양성과 국내 누룩의 우수성을 확보하기 위한 연구의 일환으로, 민속주 안동소주의 자가 제조 누룩의 최적 제조조건을 검토하였다. 안동소주 제조의 전통적인 누룩 제조방법을 준수하면서 23 cm 지름의 $2.2{\sim}5.5\;cm$의 다양한 두께의 누룩을 성형하고, 3주간 띄움 과정을 거치면서 1주일 간격으로 수분함량, pH, brix, 무게변화, 전분 당화능, 환원당 함량, 생균수 및 우점종 변화 등을 조사하였다. 그 결과 두께 4.0 cm 이상으로 성형된 누룩이 전분 당화능력 및 생균수, 누룩 곰팡이 생육면에서 가장 우수하였으며, 에탄올 발효면에서는 2주간의 띄움이, 안동소주의 누룩곰팡이를 이용한 관능적 측면에서는 3주간의 띄움이 필요하다고 판단되었다. 실제 제조된 누룩으로 포도당 및 전분 발효배지에서 에탄을 발효시킨 결과, 누룩 성형시 $4.0{\sim}5.5\;cm$ 두께로 성형하여 $2{\sim}3$주간 누룩을 띄운 경우가 가장 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 누룩 제조시 별도의 건조효모 첨가는 불필요함을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과는 전통적인 안동소주 제조법하에서 자가제조 누룩의 두께와 띄움시간을 조정하여 누룩의 균일 제조과 효율적인 생산이 가능함을 제시하고 있다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1168-1172
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• 2000

벌꿀주를 Sacch. sake, Sacch. bayanus, 그리고 누룩을 이용하여 발효시킨 후 그 특성을 조사하였다. 벌꿀희석액의 알코올발효에는 Sacch. sake와 누룩 혼합첨가구 그리고 누룩과 Sacch. bayanus 혼합첨가구에서 효모 단독균주를 이용하는 것보다 발효력이 우수하였고 알코올 생성량도 높았다. 벌꿀주의 pH와 산도는 발효과정 동안의 변화가 적었다. 누룩과 효모 혼합첨가구의 경우 발효중 환원당은 급속히 감소하고 알코올 함량은 증가하여 발효 6일에 가용성 고형분은 $7.5{\sim}8.1^{\circ}Brix$, 잔류 환원당은 $22.7{\sim}31.8%$이었다. 발효 6일에 알코올 생성은 누룩과 효모 혼합첨가구를 사용한 경우가 $12.5{\sim}13.1%$로 단독 효모균주를 사용한 것의 $5.2{\sim}7.2%$ 보다 높게 나타났으며, 발효도 단독 효모균주 첨가구에 비하여 양호하여 단독효모보다는 누룩과 효모를 혼합하여 첨가한 것이 벌꿀주 발효에 더 효과적이었다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.119-122
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• 2017

Herein, nuruks derived from non-glutinous and glutinous rice inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae N159-1 (having high alpha-amylase and beta-glucosidase activities) were used to produce Korean alcoholic beverages. The resultant beverages had enhanced fruity (ethyl caproate and isoamyl alcohol) and rose (2-phenethyl acetate and phenethyl alcohol) flavors and high taste scores.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 2011

고문헌에 기록된 사라진 우리술을 발굴하는 전통주 복원 프로젝트의 일환으로서 시판 누룩 5종을 사용한 석탄주(惜呑酒)를 제조하여 이들의 양조적성을 구명하였다. 석탄주 발효 중 품온변화 등 일반성분을 분석하였고 완성된 석탄주(발효기간 10일)의 관능평가를 실시하였다. 전체적으로 술덧의 품온변화는 실내온도 변화에 상응하였다. pH는 전체적으로 발효 0~3일차까지 급격히 떨어졌다가 발효 중간부터 완만히 증가(3일: 3.13~3.57, 6일: 3.35~3.80)하였고, 발효 종료 시, pH 3.60~4.05로 상승하였다. 산도는 전반적으로 높았으며 (0.45~0.59%) Nuruk-B의 수치가 가장 높았다. 이는 누룩에 생육하는 유기산 생성 곰팡이와 젖산균이 술덧의 적절한 온도, 원료 조성, 효모 수에 따라 유기산 생산능에 차이가 있는것으로 보여진다. 환원당과 당도는 Nuruk-C로 제조한 석탄주에서 가장 높았으나(5.36%, 23o) 알코올 함량(8.6%)은 가장 낮았다. 5종의 시판누룩으로 발효시킨 석탄주에서 Nuruk-A가 알코올 함량(19.4%)이 가장 높았고 휘발산은 발효 3일째 가장 높은 수치(132.6~263.7 ppm)를 나타내었으나, 발효가 진행되면서 급격히 감소(5.25~5.94 ppm)하였다. 관능평가는 5점 척도법으로 실시하였으며 Nuruk-D로 제조한 석탄주가 전반적인 기호도가 가장 높았고(4.0), Nuruk-A의 경우 가장 낮았다(2.77).

• Mycobiology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.361-367
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• 2014

Makgeolli, also known as Takju, is a non-filtered traditional Korean alcoholic beverage that contains various floating matter, including yeast cells, which contributes to its high physiological functionality. In the present study, we assessed the levels of ${\beta}$-glucan and glutathione in various yeast strains isolated from traditional Korean Nuruk and selected a ${\beta}$-glucan- and glutathione-rich yeast strain to add value to Makgeolli by enhancing its physiological functionality through increased levels of these compounds. Yeast ${\beta}$-glucan levels ranged from 6.26% to 32.69% (dry basis) and were strongly species-dependent. Dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from Nuruk contained $25.53{\mu}g/mg$ glutathione, $0.70{\mu}g/mg$ oxidized glutathione, and $11.69{\mu}g/g$ and $47.85{\mu}g/g$ spermidine and L-ornithine monohydrochloride, respectively. To produce functional Makgeolli, a ${\beta}$-glucan- and glutathione-rich yeast strain was selected in a screening analysis. Makgeolli fermented with the selected yeast strain contained higher ${\beta}$-glucan and glutathione levels than commercial Makgeolli. Using the selected yeast strain to produce Makgeolli with high ${\beta}$-glucan and glutathione content may enable the production of functional Makgeolli.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.471-479
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the Rhododendron weyrichii flower extract fermented using Shindari, a traditional Jeju barley Nuruk-based fermentation. In this study, we examined the antioxidant potential of R. weyrichii flower extracts (RF) and R. weyrichii flower extracts fermented with Nuruk or Shindari (RFFN or RFFS, respectively) using various in vitro antioxidant assays including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, total phenol content and FRAP assays. We also evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of the RF and RFFS on murine RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by treating the RAW 264.7 cells with various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 ㎍/ml) of RF or RFFS. As a result, we observed that the ABTS radical scavenging activity and total phenol content of RFFS was higher than that of RF and RFFN. Additionally, lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly lower in RFFS-treated cells when compared to the LPS-treated control. In addition, RFFS-treated cells exhibited decreased expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) proteins and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting showed that both the quercetin and quercetin glucoside (quercitrin and isoquercitrin) levels were affected by the fermentation process. In conclusion, our data suggests that traditional fermentation could be an important strategy in improving the biological properties of raw materials including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Finally, RFFS may be a candidate for developing topical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.